SCIENTOLOGY AXIOM 1: Life is basically a static. Definition: a Life Static has no mass, no motion, no wavelength, no location in space or in time. It has the ability to postulate and to perceive.
Static implies that Theta and MEST are substances in two different dimensions. Theta is the potential that becomes actual only when manifested in MEST. This manifestation results in motion which is life. In Hubbard’s Theta-MEST theory, theta may separate from MEST and survive as pure potential.
Hubbard postulated the Theta-MEST theory to explain the phenomena of Death. Most of the conscious life laves the body at the moment of death. So, Hubbard postulated a unit of theta (thetan) leaving the body at death. But life in the organs of the body takes another 14 days to leave completely. So Hubbard postulated a Genetic Entity to explain that.
But even when the body disintegrates completely, some motion still remains at the atomic level. This presents an anomaly because if theta leaves MEST, then no motion should be left at all in MEST.
We find that motion is inherent to MEST at the atomic level and it can never be separated. Motion becomes more sophisticated as MEST becomes more complex at the molecular level. As molecules increase in complexity they act like computers. A DNA molecule is so complex that it can store the whole blue print of the body within itself. The sophisticated motion at the level of body expresses itself as thought.
Throughout this increasing complexity of MEST, the increasingly sophisticated motion cannot be separated from MEST.
So, at the moment of death, most of the sophisticated motion of life ceases, because the overall system of the body breaks down. The remaining motion of the body ceases over the next 14 days as body’s sub-systems break down one by one. Subsequently, any sophisticated motion goes dormant in the DNA molecules.
So, we can explain death in terms of an integrated Theta-MEST system gradually breaking down and becoming dormant, instead of “theta leaving MEST.” This is more consistent.
Lets’ look at the phenomenon of exteriorization where, in Hubbard’s model, the thetan leaves the body, and the genetic entity is left in the body to maintain its functions. We may explain the phenomenon of exteriorization in terms of a shift in consideration. When the person is interiorized, his attention is fixated on the body. When this attention frees itself up, it makes one feel that one is outside the body. The reason for this is that the body extends as an invisible aura around itself. The attention units, when freed up from fixation on the body, can be focused anywhere in the aura away from the solid body.
So, exteriorization does not have to be explained in terms of “theta leaving MEST.” Theta and MEST can still be shown to be integrated as always. This is more consistent.
We may modify the Axiom 1 as follows:
KHTK AXIOM 1: Life is a sophisticated expression of integrated Theta-MEST.
ENERGY Energy, in general, refers purely to the intrinsic motion of substance. Matter has energy. Radiation has anergy. Thought has energy. Both mass (degree of substantiality) and energy (degree of motion) are inherent to substance. They are different concepts and should not be confused with each other as common in physics when talking about radiation. The intrinsic motion gives an object certain intrinsic kinetic energy (KE). KE can be added to an object pushing it such that it gains velocity. The KE of an object can be made to appear zero in an inertial reference frame that is moving at the same velocity as the object. By contrast, the total kinetic energy of a system of objects cannot be reduced to zero by a suitable choice of the inertial reference frame, when the objects are moving at different velocities. But there can be a non-zero minimum. This minimum kinetic energy contributes to the system’s invariant mass, which is independent of the reference frame.
FORCE Origin: “strong.” Force is an interaction (a push or a pull) that can change an object’s motion or its shape. More formally, it is any action that tends to accelerate a body, deform it, or maintain/alter its state of motion. A force can cause an object to start moving, stop moving, speed up, slow down, change direction, or deform (stretch, compress, twist). In introductory terms, whenever two objects interact—like your hand pushing a door—there is a force involved in that interaction. Force is a vector quantity: it has both magnitude (how strong) and direction (which way it acts). To predict motion, one must add all forces as vectors to get the net (resultant) force acting on the body.
GRAVITY Gravity is a phenomenon very similar to inertia. Inertia acts to restore the equilibrium between the thickness and motion of a body. Similarly, gravity acts to restore the equilibrium of the distribution of thickness and motion among the bodies of a system.
INVARIANTS An invariant is a property, quantity, or condition that remains unchanged when a specific transformation, operation, or process is applied to a mathematical object or system.
LOCALITY The principle of locality states that objects are only directly influenced by their immediate surroundings, requiring physical interactions to propagate through space at or below the speed of light. It rejects instantaneous “action at a distance”. While classical physics is local, quantum entanglement demonstrates non-local correlations.
MECHANICS Mechanics (from Ancient Greek ‘of machines’) is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to objects may result in displacements, which are changes of an object’s position relative to its environment. Mechanics is built on the idea that the motion of material bodies is governed by precise, quantitative relationships between forces, mass, and the resulting motion (or equilibrium) of those bodies. There exist universal laws (classically, Newton’s laws) and conservation principles (energy, momentum, angular momentum) that connect force, mass, and motion in a mathematically exact way, letting us predict how systems will evolve.
MOMENTUM Momentum in physics is the quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and its velocity; it measures how hard it is to stop or change that motion. Momentum points in the same direction as the motion and its magnitude grows with both mass and speed. Momentum extends the idea of inertia (resistance to change of state) to moving bodies. A more massive or faster object has more momentum, so it takes a greater or longer‑acting force to significantly change its motion (for example, stopping a truck vs. a bicycle at the same speed). Force is the rate of change of momentum. In a closed system with no net external force, total momentum remains constant; this is the law of conservation of momentum. Collisions and interactions redistribute momentum among objects, but the vector sum of all momenta before and after the interaction is the same. Momentum is connected to the very structure of the physical law.
WORK Work is the transfer of energy that happens when a force causes an object to move over some distance in the direction of that force (W= Fd cosθ). There may be force, but if the displacement is zero, or it is perpendicular to the force, then the work done is zero. Work and energy share the same unit because the net work done on a particle equals its change in kinetic energy. Work is positive when energy is added to the object as in accelerating a car forward. Work is negative when energy is removed as in friction slowing a sliding block. Work has magnitude and sign (positive or negative) but no direction in space. In general, work is the mechanical effort required to change a system from one state to another. In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is energy transferred by the system to its surroundings, by a mechanism through which the system can spontaneously exert macroscopic forces on its surroundings, where those forces, and their external effects, can be measured.
PRESSURE Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
SPEED Average speed is defined as the total distance traveled in a given time divided by that time interval. Since distance traveled is always positive, the average speed is always positive. Its units are the same as those of velocity. Average speed is either equal to or greater than the average velocity. Instantaneous speed is always the same as instantaneous velocity.
TIME
Time is a measure of when the object is at a certain position in a coordinate system. Time elapsed is always positive.
VELOCITY
Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement.
WAVE WAVES are cycles of oscillations that have the characteristics of a continuum. A wave can be a disturbance traveling in a stationary medium, such as, the waves on the surface of water in a pond. A wave can also be a rapidly traveling substance with the characteristics of a continuum, such as, light or the rolling waves of the sea.
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SECTION 3: THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT, TEMPERATURE
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ADIABATIC PROCESS An adiabatic process occurs without transferring heat or mass between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process transfers energy to the surroundings only as work. It also conceptually forms the foundation of the theory used to expound the first law of thermodynamics and is therefore a key thermodynamic concept. Q = 0 but ΔT ≠ 0.
CARNOT CYCLE The Carnot Cycle is a theoretically reversible cycle in which entropy is conserved. The cycle operates between two “heat reservoirs” at temperatures Th and Tc (hot and cold respectively). The reservoirs have such large thermal capacity that their temperatures are practically unaffected by a single cycle.
During the Carnot cycle, an amount of energy ThΔS is extracted from the hot reservoir and a smaller amount of energy TcΔS is deposited in the cold reservoir. The difference in the two energies (Th-Tc)ΔS is equal to the work done by the engine. Thus, heat is converted into work.
ENERGY, INTERNAL The internal energy keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state. It is often not necessary to consider all of the system’s intrinsic energies. Internal energy is measured as a difference from a reference zero defined by a standard state. The processes that define the internal energy in the state of interest are transfers of matter, or of energy as heat, or as thermodynamic work. If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated and its internal energy cannot change. Microscopically, the internal energy can be analyzed in terms of the kinetic energy of microscopic motion of the system’s particles from translations, rotations, and vibrations, and of the potential energy associated with microscopic forces, including chemical bonds. Internal energy excludes the kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields.
ENERGY, THERMAL Thermal energy refers to several distinct physical concepts, such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible heat, which are defined as types of energy transfer (as is work); or for the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom in a thermal system (kT).
ENTROPY The word ‘entropy’ comes from the Greek words, `en-tropie’ (intrinsic direction). The concept of entropy came about from investigations into lost energy in heat engines. Entropy was introduced as the concept of ‘transformation-energy’, i.e. energy lost to dissipation and friction. Entropy is a macro state variable for a system that is defined only when the system is in equilibrium.
1789 Count Rumford – heat could be created by friction as when cannon bores are machined.
1803 Lazare Carnot – Losses of moments of activity
1824 Sadi Carnot – Work or motive power can be produced when heat falls through temperature difference
1843 James Joules – expresses the concept of energy and its conservation in all processes. He is unable to quantify the effects of friction and dissipation.
1850s Rudolf Clausius – objected to the supposition that no change occurs in the working body. There is inherent loss of usable heat when work is done, e.g. heat produced by friction. This was in contrast to earlier views, based on the theories of Isaac Newton, that heat was an indestructible particle that had mass.
1877 – Boltzmann – visualized a probabilistic way to measure the entropy of an ensemble of ideal gas particles
Entropy is a state variable. Its thermodynamic definition is “Q/T,” and its statistical mechanics definition is “k ln Ω.” Essential problem in statistical thermodynamics has been to determine the distribution of a given amount of energy E over N identical systems.
FREE ENERGY
The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that a thermodynamic system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden. Free energy is not absolute but depends on the choice of a zero point. Therefore, only relative free energy values, or changes in free energy, are physically meaningful.
(Gibbs function) the thermodynamic function of a system that is equal to its enthalpy minus the product of its absolute temperature and entropy: a decrease in the function is equal to the maximum amount of work available exclusive of that due to pressure times volume change during a reversible, isothermal, isobaric process.
(Helmholtz function) the thermodynamic function of a system that is equal to its internal energy minus the product of its absolute temperature and entropy: a decrease in the function is equal to the maximum amount of work available during a reversible isothermal process.
GAS CONSTANT The gas constant R is a physical constant that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law. It relates the energy scale to the temperature scale, when a mole of particles at the stated temperature is being considered. It is defined as the Avogadro constant multiplied by the Boltzmann constant.
HEAT A non-mechanical energy transfer with reference to a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings or between two parts of the same system.
In thermodynamics, heat is not the property of an isolated system. It is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system. Heat excludes any thermodynamic work that was done and any energy contained in matter transferred. Heat transfer occurs by the following mechanisms:
(1) Conduction, through direct contact of immobile bodies, or through a wall or barrier that is impermeable to matter. (2) Radiation between separated bodies. (3) Convective circulation that carries energy from a boundary of one to a boundary of the other. (4) Friction due to work done by the surroundings on the system of interest, such as Joule heating.
Quantity of energy transferred as heat can be measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies. For example, by the amount of ice melted, or by change in temperature of a body in the surroundings of the system.
HEAT, SENSIBLE Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body (or thermodynamic system) in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body, and some macroscopic variables, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables, such as volume or pressure. The term is used in contrast to a latent heat, which is the amount of heat exchanged that is hidden, meaning it occurs without change of temperature.
IDEAL GAS The volume of ideal gas is essentially made up of electromagnetic substance. At very high pressures and very low temperatures the Ideal gas approximations are not valid.
IDEAL GAS An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to inter-particle interactions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics.
IDEAL GAS LAW The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is often written in an empirical form: PV = nRT where P, V and T are the pressure, volume and temperature; n is the amount of substance; and R is the ideal gas constant. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations.
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir (heat bath), and the change in the system will occur slowly enough to allow the system to continue to adjust to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange. ΔT = 0 but Q ≠ 0.
LAW (ZEROTH) OF THERMODYNAMICS: TEMPERATURE If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This law helps define the notion of temperature.
Systems in thermal equilibrium with each other have the same temperature.
Temperature is one-dimensional, that one can conceptually arrange bodies in real number sequence from colder to hotter.
This law allows the definition of temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy, its conjugate variable.
LAW (FIRST) OF THERMODYNAMICS: INTERNAL ENERGY When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.
The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy.
The internal energy of a system is energy contained within the system… It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state.
The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers: (a) as heat, (b) as work, or (c) with matter.
When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be closed. Then the first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat added plus the work done on the system by its surroundings.
If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated. Then its internal energy cannot change. The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
LAW (FIRST) OF THERMODYNAMICS: INTERNAL ENERGY When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.
The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy.
The internal energy of a system is energy contained within the system… It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state.
The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers: (a) as heat, (b) as work, or (c) with matter.
When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be closed. Then the first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat added plus the work done on the system by its surroundings.
If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated. Then its internal energy cannot change. The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
LAW (FIRST) OF THERMODYNAMICS: INTERNAL ENERGY When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.
The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy.
The internal energy of a system is energy contained within the system… It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state.
The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers: (a) as heat, (b) as work, or (c) with matter.
When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be closed. Then the first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat added plus the work done on the system by its surroundings.
If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated. Then its internal energy cannot change. The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible.
Indicates the irreversibility of natural processes. NOTE: The precipitation of order from chaos seems to be irreversible.
When two initially isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in thermodynamic equilibrium with itself but not necessarily with each other, are then allowed to interact, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initially isolated systems is less than or equal to the total entropy of the final combination. Equality occurs just when the two original systems have all their respective intensive variables (temperature, pressure) equal; then the final system also has the same values.
This statement of the second law is founded on the assumption, that in classical thermodynamics, the entropy of a system is defined only when it has reached internal thermodynamic equilibrium (thermodynamic equilibrium with itself).
The second law is applicable to a wide variety of processes, reversible and irreversible. All natural processes are irreversible. Reversible processes are a useful and convenient theoretical fiction, but do not occur in nature.
A prime example of irreversibility is in the transfer of heat by conduction or radiation. It was known long before the discovery of the notion of entropy that when two bodies initially of different temperatures come into thermal connection, then heat always flows from the hotter body to the colder one.
The second law tells also about kinds of irreversibility other than heat transfer, for example those of friction and viscosity, and those of chemical reactions. The notion of entropy is needed to provide that wider scope of the law.
Heat Q is proportional to the total kinetic energy (K.E.) of microscopic particles in a system. Temperature T is proportional to the average K.E. of the system. Therefore, the ratio Q/T (entropy) shall be constant for a closed system, being the ratio of total to average K.E. Thus, it would represent the total number of particles in a system. Q reduces as does T when heat energy converts to the mechanical work done.
Conversion of Heat to mechanical Work is essentially the kinetic energy of microscopic particles converting to kinetic energy of large objects.
Not all K.E. of microscopic particles can be converted to K.E. of large objects. As long as temperature is not zero (K), the microscopic particles retain some of their K.E.
When heat is added to a system in which the number of microscopic particles do not change, then both Q and T increase in the same proportion. It is incorrect to assume that T remains constant.
When Q is converted to mechanical work in a system in which the number of microscopic particles do not change, then both Q and T decrease in the same proportion. It is incorrect to assume that Q remains constant.
Q1 = Q2 + W with a decrease in temperature from T1 to T2. or, W = Q1 – Q2 or, W = n (T1 – T2), where n is proportional to the number of particles in the system
Mechanical work done should be proportional to the difference in temperatures in a reversible process. In an irreversible process where losses occur, work w is less than W.
Efficiency = w/W x 100% = w/[n(T1-T2)] x 100%
Entropy increases when Q remains constant while T decreases. How is Q defined here?
LAW (THIRD) OF THERMODYNAMICS The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The entropy of a perfect crystal of any pure substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
At zero temperature the system must be in a state with the minimum thermal energy. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy.
The constant value (not necessarily zero) is called the residual entropy of the system.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
FIRST LAW: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
MOLE (AVOGADRO CONSTANT) The mole is the unit of measurement for amount of substance. A mole of particles is defined as 6.022 × 10^23 particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons. The mass of one mole of a chemical compound, in grams, is numerically equal (for all practical purposes) to the average mass of one molecule of the compound, in atomic mass units).
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat, to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature. The SI unit of specific heat is joule per kelvin per kilogram, J/(K kg). Liquid water has one of the highest specific heats among common substances, about 4182 J/(K kg) at 20 °C. The specific heat often varies with temperature, and is different for each state of matter.
TEMPERATURE Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses hot and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder.
TEMPERATURE A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with reference to some standard value.
TEMPERATURE, THERMODYNAMIC Thermodynamic temperature is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point. At this point, absolute zero, the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder. Thermodynamic temperature is often also called absolute temperature, for two reasons: the first, proposed by Kelvin, that it does not depend on the properties of a particular material; the second, that it refers to an absolute zero according to the properties of the ideal gas.
THERMODYNAMICS (“force or power of heat”) The science concerned with the relations between heat and mechanical energy or work, and the conversion of one into the other.
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE Every single thermodynamic system exists in a particular state. When a system is taken through a series of different states and finally returned to its initial state, a thermodynamic cycle is said to have occurred. In the process of going through this cycle, the system may perform work on its surroundings, for example by moving a piston, thereby acting as a heat engine.
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Macrostates are not changing, but microstates are constantly changing. When a system changes state, the beginning and final states may be well-defined, but the intermediate states may not be defined because the system is not in equilibrium. However, if we can maintain equilibrium the whole time by making the changes very slowly and in very small steps (quasi-static process). Then we can describe the path from beginning and final states. Most quasi-static processes are reversible because there is no loss of energy. In real world there is no perfectly reversible process.
THERMODYNAMIC STATE A thermodynamic system is a macroscopic object, the microscopic details of which are not explicitly considered in its thermodynamic description.
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SECTION 4: STATISTICAL MECHANICS
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BOLTZMANN CONSTANT It is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k), which is named after Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA.
MACROSTATES
Pressure, temperature and volume are macrostates of a system.
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION
A Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution is a probability distribution used for describing the speeds of various particles within a stationary container at a specific temperature. The distribution is often represented with a graph, with the y-axis defined as the number of molecules and the x-axis defined as the speed.
MICROSTATES State of every atom and molecule.
STATE VARIABLE Internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy are state quantities or state functions because they describe quantitatively an equilibrium state of a thermodynamic system, irrespective of how the system arrived in that state. In contrast, mechanical work and heat are process quantities or path functions, because their values depend on the specific transition (or path) between two equilibrium states.
STATISTICAL MECHANICS Statistical mechanics involves dynamics, Where the attention is focused on statistical equilibrium (steady state). Statistical equilibrium does not mean that the particles have stopped moving (mechanical equilibrium), rather, only that the ensemble is not evolving.
(1860) Statistical mechanics was developed to define temperature equilibrium… Statistical mechanics shows how the concepts from macroscopic observations (such as temperature and pressure) are related to the description of microscopic state that fluctuates around an average state… Randomness is used to find meaningful information… Discreteness at microscopic scale averages as fluidity on macroscopic scale.
STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS (equilibrium statistical mechanics) The primary goal of statistical thermodynamics is to derive the classical thermodynamics of materials in terms of the properties of their constituent particles and the interactions between them. In other words, statistical thermodynamics provides a connection between the macroscopic properties of materials in thermodynamic equilibrium, and the microscopic behaviors and motions occurring inside the material.
STATISTICS We can’t keep track of trillions of molecules individually, so we track the average.
“STATIC, 1. a static is something without mass, without wavelength, without time, and actually without position. That’s a static and that is the definition of zero.”
A static has no physical attributes. It is zero in terms of MEST. But it has qualitative attributes.
“STATIC, 2. a static by definition, is something that is in a complete equilibrium. It isn’t moving and that’s why we’ve used the word static. Not in an engineering sense but in its absolute dictionary sense.”
Static has no motion. It is in complete equilibrium in an absolute sense.
“STATIC, 3. an actuality of no mass, no wave-length, no position in space or relation in time, but with the quality of creating or destroying mass or energy, locating itself or creating space, and of re-relating time.”
Static is not MEST but it has the ability to postulate MEST and manipulate it.
“STATIC, 4 . something which has no motion. The word is from the Latin, sto meaning stand. No part of mest can be static, but theta is static. Theta has no motion. Even when the mest it controls is moving in space and time, theta is not moving, since theta is not in space or time.”
In Scientology, theta is the mathematical symbol assigned to Static. Hubbard is setting up Static (theta) as an absolute that has no motion, but which controls all motion.
“STATIC, 5. has no motion, it has no width, length, breadth, depth; it is not held in suspension by an equilibrium of forces; it does not have mass; it does not contain wave-lengths; it has no situation in time or space.”
Motion is the property of MEST. Static is not MEST and it has no motion, but it controls all motion of MEST.
STATIC, 6. the simplest thing there is is a static, but a static is not nothingness. These are not synonyms. We speak of it carelessly as a nothingness. That’s because we say nothingness in relationship to the space and objects of the material universe. Life has a quality. It has an ability. When we say nothingness we simply mean it has no quantity. There is no quantitative factor.
Static represents quality and ability.
“STATIC, 7. a static, in physics, is called something which is ‘an equilibrium of forces.’”
Physics deals with the material and physical aspects of the universe. In physics, a material object is considered “static” only when it is not accelerating. In other words, there is no net force acting on the object because all external and internal forces are in equilibrium.
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Subject Clearing
“Static” is a postulate of Hubbard on which the subject of Scientology rests. Static has no motion or quantitative attributes. It represents qualitative attribute of pure ability. This makes Static something knowable relative to the Unknowable. Therefore, to call Static an absolute is an anomaly. This anomaly is resolved by the concept of Unknowable.
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The Unknowable
What religions generally refer to as “God” is actually unknowable, because neither the cause nor the beginning of this universe is knowable. Religions only make postulates in an effort to know the Unknowable, but we end up knowing the postulates only. Any quality or attribute of the Unknowable is a postulate.
The Unknowable forms the background. In this background the knowable appears as postulates. The knowable expands as postulates are followed by reasoning. But, no matter how much we know, there is always something more to know. There is an unbridgeable division between the Knowable and the Unknowable. The Unknowable is the absolute. See The KHTK Factors.
The following is excerpted from my favorite book The Phoenix Lectures by L. Ron Hubbard.
AXIOM TWENTY-FIVE: AFFINITY IS A SCALE OF ATTITUDES WHICH FALLS AWAY FROM THE CO-EXISTENCE OF STATIC, THROUGH THE INTERPOSITIONS OF DISTANCE AND ENERGY, TO CREATE IDENTITY, DOWN TO CLOSE PROXIMITY BUT MYSTERY.
By the practice of Is-ness (Beingness) and Not-is-ness (refusal to Be) individuation progresses from the Knowingness of complete identification down through the introduction of more and more distance and less and less duplication, through Lookingness, Emotingness, Effortingness, Thinkingness, Symbolizingness, Eatingness, Sexingness, and so through to not-Knowingness (Mystery). Until the point of Mystery is reached, some communication is possible, but even at Mystery an attempt to communicate continues. Here we have, in the case of an individual, a gradual falling away from the belief that one can assume a complete Affinity down to the conviction that all is a complete Mystery. Any individual is somewhere on this Know-to-Mystery scale. The original Chart of Human Evaluation was the Emotion section of this scale.
Affinity, in terms of mechanics, is simply a matter of distance. Affinity is basically a consideration, but it does represent itself mechanically. For instance, Total Knowingness goes down to Lookingness. You have to look to find out. Well that’s different from simply knowing without looking. We go down to Looking, now we go just a little bit lower than that. (This Know-to-Mystery scale is by the way an Affinity scale.) We go into Emotion, and then we no longer have knowledge by looking. We have to have knowledge by emotion. Do we like it — do we dislike it? There are particles in emotion: “I don’t like it” — in other words “I have some anger particles about it” or “I have some resentment particles” — and by the way a preclear has his reactive mind full of these emotion particles.
Now if I “have to feel it to know it is there”, I’ve gone immediately into Effort. And my affinity for something would be good if I could feel it and it would be no good at all if I couldn’t feel it. You get a Step V, a Black V, who is swearing by mechanics (and swearing at all life forms) and builds atom bombs and such things — and he tells you that he cannot contact life. He can’t contact this thing called the Static, therefore he “can’t believe in it”. This is very interesting. You ask him why, and he says, “Well I can’t feel it.” He’s twisting the snake around, so it’ll eat its tail. He’s proving it all upside down and backwards. He says he can’t get the existence of something he can’t feel. And the odd part of it is that we can measure electronically the existence of life. There is a little meter on which we ran some tests, and we can actually demonstrate that one individual can turn on in another individual at some great distance from him a considerable electrical current, enough to make this little machine sit up and sing. And the other person can turn it on at will, and the person on whom it’s being turned can’t stop it. Here is a manifestation that can be measured. We’ve done the impossible there too. We’ve done the impossible in many places in Scientology. You can’t measure a Static, but we’ve done so by having a person, at a distance, bring a mechanic into being.
When a person gets down to Effort on this scale then he’s into a level where he’s “gotta work”, everything has got to be work. He’s got to touch everything and feel everything before he can know anything. A person in the Effort band, by the way, as he gets to the lower part of that band, has facsimiles. He’s got mental image pictures. He’ll even do weird things like this: he will get a picture to know what’s happening to him. In other words, he’ll get a mental image picture of a past incident in order to get an idea. He gets the picture and then he gets the idea, he doesn’t get the idea and then get a picture. You want to watch that. Sometimes you’ll find a preclear who’s doing this. You’ll be saying “All right, get the idea of being perfect.” And your preclear will sit there and say, “I got it.” You want to ask him, “How did you do that?” That’s a wonderful question to ask a preclear at any time. “How did you do that?” And he’ll say, “Why, of course, just like everybody else. I got this picture and this picture came up and I looked at it and the picture said, ‘Be perfect,’ and it showed me a circle, and a circle — well, that’s perfect.” That’s how your preclear was doing that. He wasn’t making the postulate at all. He was waiting for a picture to come and tell him what it was all about.
Now we go down from Effort into Thinking, and we get our “figure-figure” case. This case is hard to get along with — he can’t work. Life is not composed of thought, particularly. It’s composed of space and action and all sorts of things. The Static can do all these things and is not necessarily “all pure thought”. Thinkingness comes in down the scale at the level below Effort. And it comes in as figure-figure-figure-figure-figure. Now a person can postulate without thinking about it, and if that’s what we mean by thought, that’s fine. But usually what people mean by thought is figure-figure. “I’ll just figure this out and I’ll get a computation and a calculation, and I’ll add it up to… now let me see… can you go to the movies? I don’t know,” — the kind of answer a little kid gets. “Now let me see. I’ll have to think it over. Give me a couple of days.”
We don’t know how all of this mechanic got into a postulate, but they’ve let it get in there. So that’s the level, Thinkingness.
Now we go downstairs from Thinkingness on this scale and we get into Symbolizingness. A symbol contains mass, meaning and mobility. A symbol is something that’s being handled from an orientation point — a point which is motionless in relationship to the symbol. It’s motionless, and the symbol is in motion, and has mass, meaning and mobility. “Where are you from?” “I am from New Jersey.” This fellow is telling you that he is from an orientation point called New Jersey. It’s motionless and as he runs around the world, he is always from New Jersey. He has mass, meaning and mobility. He has a name. When a person drops down the scale below figure-figure, he is into a point where he figures with symbols. Now that’s a condensation, isn’t it? Each of these was a condensation.
The next one down the line, below Symbols, is Eatingness. Animals eat animals. Animals are symbols and they eat other symbols and they think they have to stay alive by eating other symbols. This is real cute and eating is quite important of course and it can be a lot of fun, but here you have a real condensation. In other words, Effort got so condensed that it turned into an inverted kind of Thought, and that became so condensed that it packaged thinking — that’s what took place there — it became so condensed it became a Symbol. A word, for instance, is a whole package of thought. So packaged thinking is a symbol and packed symbols are a plate of beans.
Below that, when a person doesn’t believe he can eat any more, when he thinks he is not going to survive, he will go into the Sexingness band. If you starve cattle for a while they’ll start to breed, and if you feed them too well they’ll stop breeding. Quite irrational, but then who said any of this was rational? Cattle who are starved or lacking certain food elements will decide, well, we’ll live again in some other generation — and they’ll breed up a lot of calves. Of course, there’s nothing to feed the calves on but they haven’t paid much attention to that. In Arizona we have an interesting fact — we have some very beautiful cattle who have stopped breeding. They’ve just been too well fed. The way to get those cattle breeding again would be to simply start starving them. Freud by the way was so condensed he had to get way down there to that condensation level of Sex “in order to find out”.
Below Sex we have a new level of knowingness, the level of Mystery.
Mystery of course is the complete displacement of everything, and everything in a terrific confusion. The anatomy of Mystery is unprediction, confusion and then total blackout. First, he couldn’t predict some particles, and then it all seemed awfully confusing to him and then he just shut it all off and said, “I won’t look at it anymore”. That’s what Mystery is, and your Step Fives by the way are very, very concerned about Mystery. They’re very concerned about Thinkingness and trying to solve the Mystery. Well the Mystery is already solved in an ultimate truth. The ultimate solution of course is simply the As-is-ness of the problem. And the As-is-ness of a Mystery is simply the Mystery. That’s really all there is to it. There really is nothing to know back of a Mystery, except the Mystery itself. It’s just As-is-ness. But Mystery is the level of always pretending there’s something to know earlier than the Mystery.
“THETAN, 1. the living unit we call, in Scn, a thetan, that being taken from the Greek letter theta, the mathematic symbol used in Scn to indicate the source of life and life itself.”
The source of life is theta, and a thetan is the phenomenon of human beingness and individuality. There must be postulates that explain the phenomenon of thetan.
“THETAN, 2. the awareness of awareness unit which has all potentialities but no mass, no wave-length and no location.”
The theta part of the thetan can become aware of the postulates that underlie the phenomenon of thetan itself.
“THETAN, 3. the being who is the individual and who handles and lives in the body.”
Underlying thetan is the postulate of individuality energized by theta. This postulate applies to the whole programming that expresses the blueprint of the body and the mind. Body is generated by the lower end of this programming, whereas, the mind is formed by the upper end of the programming.
“THETAN, 4. (spirit) is described in Scn as having no mass, no wave-length, no energy and no time or location in space except by consideration or postulate. The spirit is not a thing. It is the creator of things.”
The thetan is theta plus certain postulates. Theta is the potentiality of the ability to postulate and become aware. The actuality of postulates and considerations then give substance to the thetan.
“THETAN, 5. the personality and beingness which actually is the individual and is aware of being aware and is ordinarily and normally the “person” and who the individual thinks he is. The thetan is immortal and is possessed of capabilities well in excess of those hitherto predicted for man.”
A person has a personality that is entirely individual. Underlying this personality (beingness) are postulates energized by theta. The person can become aware of these postulates, or his essential beingness as a thetan. His capabilities as thetan are determined by the postulates, and they are more than what is generally known. His theta aspect is an immortal potentiality; but the postulates are put there and can be removed.
“THETAN, 6. the name given to the life source. It is the individual, the being, the personality, the knowingness of the human being.”
Scientology does not clearly differentiate between theta (ability to postulate) and thetan (the postulate of individual beingness). The potential of knowingness lies in theta. The actual knowingness comes from postulates.
“THETAN, 7. energy-space production unit.”
The capability of production applies more to theta. What it produces applies more to postulates.
“THETAN, 8. in the final analysis what is this thing called thetan? It is simply you before you mocked yourself up and that is the handiest definition I know of.”
The postulate that mocks up the thetan is the postulate of individuality defined by a definite goal and behavior characteristics.
“THETAN, 9. the person himself—not his body or his name, the physical universe, his mind, or anything else; that which is aware of being aware; the identity which is the individual. The thetan is most familiar to one and all as you.”
As described above, thetan comes about with the postulate of individuality.
“THETAN, 10. a static that can consider, and can produce space and energy and objects.”
The static is the Unknowable. It is symbolized by the theta (which specifies the ability to postulate). It postulates an individuality, which brings about the thetan. The process of postulating also produces substance, along with space, and time.
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Subject Clearing
Thetan is essentially the postulate of individual beingness, which is energized by theta. This individuality is defined by definite goals and behavior characteristics. The programming of the thetan consists of the blueprint that produces the body and the mind. Body is generated by the lower end of this programming, whereas, the conscious mind is formed by the upper end of the programming. The immortality of thetan is limited to theta only because the individuality is perishable. In short, the thetan is a sophisticated system where the theta part makes the thetan aware of being aware and enables it to observe and postulate and resolve anomalies.
Scientology fails to differentiate between theta (unknowable with the ability to postulate) and the actual postulates that comprise the individual beingness. Therefore, it identifies theta with the individuality and considers individuality to be immortal. This identification generates much disharmony as it ignores the Principle of Oneness.
