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  1. Einstein 1938: The Evolution of Physics
  2. PM Chapter 1: Introduction
  3. PM Chapter 2: Unknowable, Knowable, and Awareness

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  2. Postulate Mechanics (PM)
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PM Chapter 4: Self, Individuality and Universe

Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

The original Self is identifying itself with some postulates. It is in total harmony within itself. Therefore, it operates as a single entity. The totality of the postulates appears as the Universe. The Self is part of the Universe.

As the Self continues to identify, it assumes individuality. Thus there are many individualities operating in the same universe. Each individuality has its own will. It continues to postulate and modifies itself and its universe. But underlying all these modifications, there is a common Self and a common Universe.

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Self

The original Self is identified as BRAHMAN by the ancient Vedas of the East. Each individual is ultimately identical with Brahman, and only appears separate due to ignorance and the conditioning of body‑mind. As the ignorance is removed the individuality becomes one with Brahman.

The original Self is identified as GOD by the Abrahamic religions of the West. Each individual is a direct creation of God, made intentionally rather than as an emergent by‑product of nature. God endows the individuals with a soul or spirit that links them to the divine, while their bodies are formed from the created world (earth, clay, “dust,” etc.). The individuality, forever, remains separate from God, but it is supported by God.

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Individuality

The individuality is linked back to the Self. Different religion advance different theories to explain this separation of individuality from the Self. Two of the main theories are explained above. But underlying any theory there are postulates.

Basically, the Self disintegrates into individualities as it continues to identify increasingly with more postulates. This course is reversed as individuality comes to recognize those identifications and realizes that it is pure awareness.

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Universe

The universe is the sum total of all postulates. Individuality is made up of some of those postulates. Other postulates combine into other entities and life forms. An individuality is thus surrounded by a universe made up of all kind of entities and life forms.

The postulates that this universe is made up of are hidden, but they are knowable. It is the mystery of the universe and the ignorance of its underlying postulates that keeps awareness trapped in it. Freedom lies in spotting and recognizing these postulates.

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PM Chapter 3: Awareness, Postulate, and Self

Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

Both awareness and postulate must be present together for postulate to even appear. The appearance of postulate implies that awareness is present. Even when awareness and postulate manifest together, they are two different phenomena. Only when we identify awareness with postulate that the idea of self comes about. 

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Awareness

Awareness is present while postulates appear and disappear. Awareness is not any of those postulates that it is aware of. The moment awareness wonders what it is, it is looking to identify itself. And, the moment awareness gets an idea of what it is, it has  identified itself with some postulate.

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Postulate

A postulate is a statement assumed to be true without proof, serving as a foundational premise for further reasoning. Einstein postulated the speed of light to be a universal constant to derive his theory of relativity. Postulate has been described in detail in PM Chapter 1: Introduction. All postulates and the considerations derived from it describe to us the reality of the universe.

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Self

The moment awareness introverts into looking at what it is, it identifies itself with some postulate. In that moment it becomes a self. If the introversion continues the identification continues to occur and the self comes to acquire various colors and attributes.

At first, the self is in total harmony within itself, and it operates as a single entity. But as the attribute of individuality comes about, it breaks into many individual selves. All the earlier experience is shared by the individualities. That experience of total harmony within oneself becomes the idea of God. It extends to harmony within the society. It extends, ultimately, to harmony of humanity, and of all life.

God then comes to be regarded as the symbol of oneness. God is looked upon as the original form of self as a harmonious single whole.

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PM Chapter 2: Unknowable, Knowable, and Awareness

Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

There is a fundamental impulse to know because there are things that are unknown. We are surrounded by a universe that we would like to know about. We know it by postulating about what we are observing. So we postulate that there are things to become aware of.

From that it follows that there is awareness that starts with postulates. If we are becoming aware of the universe then that awareness must be present within us. The most fundamental postulate that we can make about ourselves is that we are that awareness.

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Unknowable

The highest echelon concept is UNKNOWABLE. This has been mentioned in The Creation Hymn of Rig Veda.

Whence this creation has arisen
– perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not –
the One who looks down on it,
in the highest heaven, only He knows
or perhaps He does not know.

We may say that there is always something more to know.

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Knowable

We come to know by postulating about what we are observing. A postulate is something taken for granted. It is a creative thought that is claimed to be true. A postulate then forms the basis of all reasoning that follows. It may result in further considerations. There may be assumptions, that are verified later or simply get dropped. 

We may say that all that is knowable, proceeds from our own postulates and considerations.

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Awareness

Thus, there is awareness of what is known. There is also a general awareness that many things are unknown. We associate ourselves closely with this awareness. Maybe this awareness is basically what we are. But all this is just a string of postulates.

Thus, our consideration of self, proceeds from a string of postulates. It makes us aware of ourselves and the universe.

When self is considered something to be aware of, it is no less a part of the universe. Then “that” which looks at self and the universe is just “awareness.”

Individuality is an aspect of self, and not of awareness.

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PM Chapter 1: Introduction

Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

Postulate Mechanics is an effort to understand the fundamentals of this universe. Its basic postulates are:

  1. The fundamental impulse is to know.
  2. Effort to know starts with a postulate.
  3. Assimilation of postulates brings enlightenment.

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Postulate

A postulate is a basic assumption, taken as true, which is then used to derive the rest of the theory. For example, Einstein postulated that the speed of light is a universal constant. He used this postulate (and others) to derive his theory of relativity. The purpose of generating a theory is to explain and organize what we observe, to unify many separate facts into a coherent model, and to guide prediction, research, and action. 

Postulate serves as a foundational premise for further reasoning. It is through postulates, which follow observations, that knowledge develops. The postulates must be harmonious, consistent and continuous among themselves for sensible knowledge to develop. Ordinary assumptions are lower harmonics of postulates. Such assumptions either get revised upwards into postulates, or simply get dropped, as knowledge comes to be assimilated over time.

Assimilation means bringing harmony to knowledge by removing all inconsistencies. It also means researching and making discoveries in those areas where gaps exist in knowledge.

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Oneness, Anomalies & Misconceptions

The ideal scene of knowledge is ONENESS of all postulates, reasoning, and theories. Departures from this ideal scene appears in the form of disharmony (arbitrary data), inconsistency (contradictory data), or discontinuity (missing data). We refer to such departures as anomalies.

The basic form of anomalies are misconceptions. Misconceptions at the level of postulates corrupt the logic of reasoning, and the workability of theories. Resolution of misconceptions at the level of postulates is an important part of the assimilation of knowledge. The resolution of misconceptions and other anomalies lies at the core of Postulate Mechanics.

A very basic misconception is about the nature of self. “Who am I?” is a genuine concern for every person as he develops his understanding. He looks for answers in the universe and derives his identity from the things in it. Enlightenment occurs when he realizes his true nature. Further enlightenment occurs as he realizes the true nature of the universe.

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Postulate Mechanics

The purpose of Postulate Mechanics is to investigate the nature of self and the universe, and to assimilate all knowledge. It attempts to do that by going back to the original postulates and resolving anomalies at that level.

Postulate Mechanics attempts to reveal the mechanics of “thought,” just like Classical Mechanics reveals the mechanics of “matter,” and Quantum Mechanics reveals the mechanics of “energy.”

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PM Chapter 13: Einstein’s Relativity

Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

Please see my comments in each chapter of Einstein’s book: The Evolution of Physics.

It is not clear what is meant by a material object or an observer moving at the speed of light. The only thing that can move at the speed of light is a photon of light that has no mass. Massive objects cannot move at the speed of light because of their inertia. On the other hand, a massless object cannot be pushed to a higher velocity by any amount of external force because it would yield immediately.

Einstein’s observer is identified with the inertial frame. It is like an imagined or assumed viewpoint of the inertial frame. Einstein’s observer is not awareness. Awareness is not defined in Physics. From experience, awareness is simply there. It is spread all over the universe and has no motion. Besides, space and time are aspects of what is being observed. They are not aspects of awareness. Therefore, space and time must change due to motion according to the laws of nature even when no observer is present.

Space has to do with the “extent” of substance, which is directly related to the velocity of spread of substance. Without substance there is no space or velocity. Time has to do with “duration” of substance, which is directly related to the inertia of substance. Without substance there is no time or inertia. Time is treated as absolute in classical physics because changes in inertia of matter due to changes in its velocity are imperceptible.

The unique aspect of theory of relativity is the integrated relationship between space and time. This essentially is equivalent to the integrated relationship between velocity and inertia. The partial success of the theory of relativity comes from the fact that it indirectly establishes a linear relationship between inertia and velocity by extrapolating between very high and near constant inertia of matter and very high and near constant velocity of light. Awareness of observer has no part in it.

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General Relativity

Classical mechanics applies to inertial systems that are limited to the familiar material domain. Inertial systems comply with Galileo’s law of inertia that treats inertia as constant and velocity as uniform in all inertial systems. Motion in different inertial systems is related by addition of velocities according to the Galilean transformations. Such motion is perceived in a relative sense only. It has no absolute basis.

In his Special theory of relativity, Einstein introduces Lorentz transformations. His inertial frames are now constrained by the limit of a constant velocity of light. The special relativity gives somewhat better results; but it is still limited to inertial frames that deal only with non-varying inertia and uniform velocity. Inertial frames do not account for rotation and acceleration. Non-inertial frames shall include rotation that will add to inertia, and acceleration that will overcome inertia. The proper physics that applies to all CS, shall quantify inertia and provide a relationship between velocity and inertia. 

The general theory of relativity appears to develop an absolute law that accounts for varying inertia and velocity. That law appears to be based on a series of assumptions and logic that is hidden under abstract mathematical reasoning. The law is described only through a complex mathematical expression.

Any presence of “external force” would imply a system of at least two bodies that influence each other through a field that occupies the space between them. General relativity deals with this in terms of  gravitation and geometry.

Postulate Mechanics looks at it as a dynamic equilibrium of inertia among the bodies that results in an ensemble of motion. This is our universe.

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Postulate Mechanics

When the motion of a “body” is balanced by its inertia we have uniform motion of the body in a straight line manifested as constant velocity.

When the motion of a “system of bodies” is balanced by the inertia of the bodies we seems to have a dynamic equilibrium in which, we have uniform motions of the bodies along curved paths in space. This is seen as the manifestation of gravitational forces.

The greater is the inertia of a body the greater is its centeredness in space and the lesser is its forwrd motion. The body with greater inertia acts as a center around which bodies with lesser inertia move.

The inertia appears as mass in the material region, quantum wave-particles in the atomic region, and as electromagnetic frequency in the field region.

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