Reference: Book III: What is the Mind Really?
Everything that exists—rocks, rivers, trees, animals, planets, and human beings—appears within an order. Things behave according to the laws of nature and, in living systems, according to the inherited blueprints of life. A seed becomes a tree through a lawful process; a body develops through biological inheritance; a planet follows gravitational patterns. In this sense, being is not arbitrary. It is the ongoing presence and activity of forms within conditions, causes, laws, and patterns.
Yet among these forms, the human being develops a peculiar phenomenon: the sense of an “I.” This “I” seems to stand at the center of experience and claim ownership over the body, thoughts, memories, possessions, actions, and relationships. It says, “I was born,” “I think,” “I am successful,” “I am hurt,” and “I will die.” But when examined carefully, this “I” may prove to be an anomaly—not because human experience is unreal, but because the usual idea of a solid, independent, eternal self cannot be found in the actual processes of being.
Being and the Formation of “I”
The world consists of things that arise, change, interact, and pass away. A mountain is shaped by geological forces. A flower grows from seed, soil, water, sunlight, and genetic organization. A human organism emerges from ancestral biology, social conditioning, language, culture, education, and personal experience.
The human “I” belongs to this same field of causes and conditions. It is not created in isolation. From childhood onward, a person gathers identifications and impressions:
- “I am the child of these parents.”
- “I belong to this nation, religion, class, or culture.”
- “I am intelligent,” “I am inadequate,” or “I am special.”
- “This is my body.”
- “These are my accomplishments.”
- “That insult defines me.”
- “My memories are who I am.”
These identifications are assembled from experience. They may be useful for ordinary communication and social coordination, but they become problematic when they are mistaken for the ultimate truth of a person.
For example, someone may say, “I am a failure,” after losing a job. But losing a job is an event. It may involve economic conditions, workplace decisions, changing skills, personal choices, and chance. None of these facts logically establishes the existence of a fixed substance called “a failure” at the center of the person. The statement converts a temporary circumstance into an identity. It turns an event into an “I.”
The same occurs with positive identities. A person may say, “I am a great scholar,” “I am wealthy,” or “I am spiritually advanced.” These descriptions may refer to real achievements or conditions, but the mind easily transforms them into something rigid that must be preserved and defended. Thus, the “I” becomes a bundle of inherited images, memories, roles, reactions, and claims.
The Mind Without Identification
When the mind is fully identified with its impressions, it does not question the “I.” It experiences its self-image as obvious and substantial. Anger feels like “my anger,” praise feels like “my worth,” and criticism feels like “an attack on me.”
But when the mind is not identified—when it can observe thoughts, feelings, memories, and roles without immediately becoming them—it begins to notice anomalies in the usual conception of self.
Suppose anger arises after someone speaks disrespectfully. In identification, the experience becomes: “They insulted me. I am angry. I must defend myself.” But observation may reveal a more complex process:
- Words were heard.
- A memory or expectation was activated.
- The body tightened.
- Thoughts of injustice appeared.
- Anger arose.
- The mind formed a story about an injured “I.”
The anger is real as an experience. The bodily reaction is real. The thoughts are real as mental events. But where, exactly, is the permanent owner of the anger? When searched for, it is difficult to locate anything apart from the changing stream of body, sensation, memory, thought, and reaction.
This does not mean that a person ceases to function. One still uses the word “I” in ordinary speech: “I need to eat,” “I made a mistake,” or “I will meet you tomorrow.” The anomaly arises only when the practical convention of “I” is treated as an independently existing substance.
The First Anomaly: “I” Is Taken as Substance
The first anomaly of the “I” is the assumption that it has substance—that there is a permanent, self-existing entity inside the human being which remains fundamentally the same through all changes.
Yet all the elements normally claimed as “I” are changing.
The body changes constantly. Cells die and regenerate; hair changes color; strength increases and declines; illness and injury alter physical life. The mind also changes. Beliefs change, emotions change, desires change, memories fade or are revised, and personality develops through new experiences.
Consider a person looking at childhood photographs. They may say, “That is me.” In one sense, this is true: there is continuity of biography and organism. But in another sense, the child’s body, vocabulary, concerns, capacities, and self-understanding differ greatly from those of the adult. What is being called “me” is not a fixed object; it is continuity across transformation.
A river provides a useful example. We call it “the same river,” even though water continually flows through it, banks erode, currents shift, and seasons alter its appearance. The name supplies continuity, but the river is a process rather than an unchanging substance. Likewise, the “I” may be understood as a functional designation for a living, changing process—not as a separate and solid entity hidden within it.
The anomaly lies in treating a label as though it were an independent object. The word “I” is useful, but it can mislead when it appears to point to a permanent inner owner of experience.
The Second Anomaly: “I” Is Thought to Be Eternal
The second anomaly is the belief that the “I” is eternal. The mind often assumes that, although the body and circumstances change, there must be a core self that remains untouched by time. This belief may appear in secular forms—such as the wish to preserve one’s legacy indefinitely—or in religious and metaphysical forms that imagine the ordinary personal identity continuing forever.
But the personal “I” is constructed from impressions. It is shaped by ancestry, language, memories, social roles, emotional patterns, and personal history. If its content depends on changing conditions, then it cannot honestly be regarded as eternally fixed.
A person may identify as “a lawyer,” “a mother,” “an athlete,” “an American,” “a survivor,” or “a spiritual seeker.” Each identity depends on circumstances. Retirement may end one role; children may become independent; injury may end athletic ability; migration may change national belonging; healing may transform the identity of victimhood; new understanding may dissolve an old spiritual image.
Even memory, which seems to provide the strongest evidence for a continuous “I,” is unstable. Memories can be forgotten, edited by later interpretation, distorted by emotion, or discovered to be incomplete. If the “I” is primarily a collection of remembered claims, then it is no more eternal than the memories from which it is assembled.
The desire for an eternal “I” often reflects a refusal to accept impermanence. The mind wants an identity that cannot be lost. But the very effort to preserve a fixed self creates anxiety, because life continually changes the conditions upon which that self depends.
Emptiness: Empty of Self-Substance
In Buddhism, emptiness does not mean that nothing exists. It does not mean that the world is a blank void, that people do not suffer, or that actions have no consequences. Rather, emptiness means that things are empty of independent, fixed, self-existing substance.
A chair exists conventionally. It can be used for sitting. But it is made from wood, metal, fabric, labor, design, tools, natural resources, and social purposes. It has no isolated chair-substance existing apart from these conditions.
Similarly, a person exists conventionally and practically. A person has a body, history, relationships, responsibilities, perceptions, and consequences. But the person is empty of a separate, permanent “I-substance” that can be found apart from these changing conditions.
The “I” is therefore empty—not nonexistent, but empty of the independent solidity attributed to it.
This distinction is important. If someone says, “There is no self, so nothing matters,” that conclusion misunderstands emptiness. Because things arise dependently, actions matter profoundly. A harsh word can cause pain; generosity can relieve suffering; study can clarify confusion; and habits can shape character. Emptiness does not cancel responsibility. It explains why transformation is possible: because no condition is fixed as an eternal substance.
“I Am That” and the Origin of Suffering
The opposite of emptiness is the thought, “I am that.”
“I am that” may attach the self to almost anything:
- “I am my body.”
- “I am my past.”
- “I am my profession.”
- “I am my reputation.”
- “I am my possessions.”
- “I am my political view.”
- “I am my pain.”
- “I am my achievement.”
- “I am my spiritual experience.”
The problem is not merely having these things. A person can have a body, work in a profession, hold views, remember the past, and care for possessions. Suffering arises when the mind makes them into a fixed self and then attempts to defend that self against change.
For instance, a person who says, “I am successful,” may become deeply distressed when success declines. The distress is not caused only by the practical loss. It is intensified because the loss threatens a cherished identity. Similarly, someone who says, “I am unattractive,” may suffer not only from an appearance-related concern but from repeatedly reinforcing the belief that the whole person is identical with that judgment.
A person who identifies with grief may say, “I am broken.” Grief is real and deserves compassion. Yet “I am broken” can become a prison when it turns a changing emotional condition into a permanent identity. The sorrow may then continue not only because of the original loss, but because the mind insists on carrying a fixed image of itself as damaged.
All suffering arises, in this sense, from some version of “I am that.” The mind grasps an object, thought, role, emotion, possession, or memory and treats it as the essence of self. Since every object of identification is impermanent, the self-image remains continuously vulnerable.
Neti, Neti: Neither This Nor That
The Vedic exercise neti, neti means “not this, not that,” or, in the present context, “I am neither this, nor that.” It is not an act of denial in the ordinary sense. It does not deny the body, mind, world, emotions, or responsibilities. Rather, it refuses to mistake any changing content of experience for an ultimate, substantial self.
When fear arises, one may observe:
Fear is present, but I am not merely fear.
When a memory arises:
This memory is present, but I am not merely this memory.
When praise is received:
Praise is occurring, but I am not reducible to praise.
When the body ages:
Aging is occurring, but no fixed identity need be built from this change.
The exercise is a method of disidentification. It gently separates awareness from the objects that awareness notices. One does not have to destroy thoughts, suppress emotions, or abandon practical life. One only stops granting absolute identity to whatever appears.
This is why neti, neti is a resolution to the anomaly of being. It reveals that the supposed substantial and eternal “I” is not found among the things that change. Body is not a fixed self. Feeling is not a fixed self. Thought is not a fixed self. Memory is not a fixed self. Role is not a fixed self. Even the image of being a spiritual person is not a fixed self.
As described in Chapter 11 of Postulate Mechanics, the practice directs attention away from fixed postulates of identity. The mind learns to recognize that its claims—“I am this,” “I must be that,” “I cannot survive without this image”—are assumptions rather than established realities. By examining and relinquishing these identifications, one loosens the inner structure that sustains suffering.
Conclusion
The anomaly of being is not that human beings exist. Human existence is part of nature, life, ancestry, and causation. The anomaly is the mental construction of an “I” that is imagined to be substantial, separate, and eternal despite being composed of changing identifications and impressions.
Buddhist emptiness points to the absence of such fixed self-substance. The Vedic discipline of neti, neti offers a practical response: neither this body, nor this role, nor this thought, nor this emotion, nor this memory should be mistaken for the whole truth of what one is.
Freedom begins when the mind sees the difference between experience and identity. Pain may still arise, duties may remain, and life may continue to change. But the compulsion to turn every changing condition into “me” and “mine” can diminish. In that diminishing, the anomaly of the solid and eternal “I” loses its power, and being is experienced more directly—as an unfolding process rather than a possession of the self.
The Main Ideas
- The things are existing or “being” according to the laws of nature and the blueprints of life.
- This includes the human “I”, which is made up of ancestral identifications and impressions.
- When not identified, the mind can spot the anomalies of the “I”.
- The first anomaly about “I” is that it is considered to have substance.
- The second anomaly about “I” is that it is thought to be eternal.
- EMPTINESS in Buddhism simply means that “I” is empty of substance.
- The opposite of emptiness is the consideration, “I am that.”
- All suffering arises from the identification of “I am that.”
- The resolution lies in Vedic exercise “neti, neti” meaning, “I am neither this, nor that.”
- This exercise is described in Chapter 11 of the book Postulate Mechanics.
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