Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)
Please see my comments in each chapter of Einstein’s book: The Evolution of Physics.
It is not clear what is meant by a material object or an observer moving at the speed of light. The only thing that can move at the speed of light is a photon of light that has no mass. Massive objects cannot move at the speed of light because of their inertia. On the other hand, a massless object cannot be pushed to a higher velocity by any amount of external force because it would yield immediately.
Einstein’s observer is identified with the inertial frame. It is like an imagined or assumed viewpoint of the inertial frame. Einstein’s observer is not awareness. Awareness is not defined in Physics. From experience, awareness is simply there. It is spread all over the universe and has no motion. Besides, space and time are aspects of what is being observed. They are not aspects of awareness. Therefore, space and time must change due to motion according to the laws of nature even when no observer is present.
Space has to do with the “extent” of substance, which is directly related to the velocity of spread of substance. Without substance there is no space or velocity. Time has to do with “duration” of substance, which is directly related to the inertia of substance. Without substance there is no time or inertia. Time is treated as absolute in classical physics because changes in inertia of matter due to changes in its velocity are imperceptible.
The unique aspect of theory of relativity is the integrated relationship between space and time. This essentially is equivalent to the integrated relationship between velocity and inertia. The partial success of the theory of relativity comes from the fact that it indirectly establishes a linear relationship between inertia and velocity by extrapolating between very high and near constant inertia of matter and very high and near constant velocity of light. Awareness of observer has no part in it.
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General Relativity
Classical mechanics applies to inertial systems that are limited to the familiar material domain. Inertial systems comply with Galileo’s law of inertia that treats inertia as constant and velocity as uniform in all inertial systems. Motion in different inertial systems is related by addition of velocities according to the Galilean transformations. Such motion is perceived in a relative sense only. It has no absolute basis.
In his Special theory of relativity, Einstein introduces Lorentz transformations. His inertial frames are now constrained by the limit of a constant velocity of light. The special relativity gives somewhat better results; but it is still limited to inertial frames that deal only with non-varying inertia and uniform velocity. Inertial frames do not account for rotation and acceleration. Non-inertial frames shall include rotation that will add to inertia, and acceleration that will overcome inertia. The proper physics that applies to all CS, shall quantify inertia and provide a relationship between velocity and inertia.
The general theory of relativity appears to develop an absolute law that accounts for varying inertia and velocity. That law appears to be based on a series of assumptions and logic that is hidden under abstract mathematical reasoning. The law is described only through a complex mathematical expression.
Any presence of “external force” would imply a system of at least two bodies that influence each other through a field that occupies the space between them. General relativity deals with this in terms of gravitation and geometry.
Postulate Mechanics looks at it as a dynamic equilibrium of inertia among the bodies that results in an ensemble of motion. This is our universe.
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Postulate Mechanics
When the motion of a “body” is balanced by its inertia we have uniform motion of the body in a straight line manifested as constant velocity.
When the motion of a “system of bodies” is balanced by the inertia of the bodies we seems to have a dynamic equilibrium in which, we have uniform motions of the bodies along curved paths in space. This is seen as the manifestation of gravitational forces.
The greater is the inertia of a body the greater is its centeredness in space and the lesser is its forwrd motion. The body with greater inertia acts as a center around which bodies with lesser inertia move.
The inertia appears as mass in the material region, quantum wave-particles in the atomic region, and as electromagnetic frequency in the field region.
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