SCIENTOLOGY AXIOM 1: Life is basically a static. Definition: a Life Static has no mass, no motion, no wavelength, no location in space or in time. It has the ability to postulate and to perceive.
Static implies that Theta and MEST are substances in two different dimensions. Theta is the potential that becomes actual only when manifested in MEST. This manifestation results in motion which is life. In Hubbard’s Theta-MEST theory, theta may separate from MEST and survive as pure potential.
Hubbard postulated the Theta-MEST theory to explain the phenomena of Death. Most of the conscious life laves the body at the moment of death. So, Hubbard postulated a unit of theta (thetan) leaving the body at death. But life in the organs of the body takes another 14 days to leave completely. So Hubbard postulated a Genetic Entity to explain that.
But even when the body disintegrates completely, some motion still remains at the atomic level. This presents an anomaly because if theta leaves MEST, then no motion should be left at all in MEST.
We find that motion is inherent to MEST at the atomic level and it can never be separated. Motion becomes more sophisticated as MEST becomes more complex at the molecular level. As molecules increase in complexity they act like computers. A DNA molecule is so complex that it can store the whole blue print of the body within itself. The sophisticated motion at the level of body expresses itself as thought.
Throughout this increasing complexity of MEST, the increasingly sophisticated motion cannot be separated from MEST.
So, at the moment of death, most of the sophisticated motion of life ceases, because the overall system of the body breaks down. The remaining motion of the body ceases over the next 14 days as body’s sub-systems break down one by one. Subsequently, any sophisticated motion goes dormant in the DNA molecules.
So, we can explain death in terms of an integrated Theta-MEST system gradually breaking down and becoming dormant, instead of “theta leaving MEST.” This is more consistent.
Lets’ look at the phenomenon of exteriorization where, in Hubbard’s model, the thetan leaves the body, and the genetic entity is left in the body to maintain its functions. We may explain the phenomenon of exteriorization in terms of a shift in consideration. When the person is interiorized, his attention is fixated on the body. When this attention frees itself up, it makes one feel that one is outside the body. The reason for this is that the body extends as an invisible aura around itself. The attention units, when freed up from fixation on the body, can be focused anywhere in the aura away from the solid body.
So, exteriorization does not have to be explained in terms of “theta leaving MEST.” Theta and MEST can still be shown to be integrated as always. This is more consistent.
We may modify the Axiom 1 as follows:
KHTK AXIOM 1: Life is a sophisticated expression of integrated Theta-MEST.
ENERGY Energy, in general, refers purely to the intrinsic motion of substance. Matter has energy. Radiation has anergy. Thought has energy. Both mass (degree of substantiality) and energy (degree of motion) are inherent to substance. They are different concepts and should not be confused with each other as common in physics when talking about radiation. The intrinsic motion gives an object certain intrinsic kinetic energy (KE). KE can be added to an object pushing it such that it gains velocity. The KE of an object can be made to appear zero in an inertial reference frame that is moving at the same velocity as the object. By contrast, the total kinetic energy of a system of objects cannot be reduced to zero by a suitable choice of the inertial reference frame, when the objects are moving at different velocities. But there can be a non-zero minimum. This minimum kinetic energy contributes to the system’s invariant mass, which is independent of the reference frame.
FORCE Origin: “strong.” Force is an interaction (a push or a pull) that can change an object’s motion or its shape. More formally, it is any action that tends to accelerate a body, deform it, or maintain/alter its state of motion. A force can cause an object to start moving, stop moving, speed up, slow down, change direction, or deform (stretch, compress, twist). In introductory terms, whenever two objects interact—like your hand pushing a door—there is a force involved in that interaction. Force is a vector quantity: it has both magnitude (how strong) and direction (which way it acts). To predict motion, one must add all forces as vectors to get the net (resultant) force acting on the body.
GRAVITY Gravity is a phenomenon very similar to inertia. Inertia acts to restore the equilibrium between the thickness and motion of a body. Similarly, gravity acts to restore the equilibrium of the distribution of thickness and motion among the bodies of a system.
INVARIANTS An invariant is a property, quantity, or condition that remains unchanged when a specific transformation, operation, or process is applied to a mathematical object or system.
LOCALITY The principle of locality states that objects are only directly influenced by their immediate surroundings, requiring physical interactions to propagate through space at or below the speed of light. It rejects instantaneous “action at a distance”. While classical physics is local, quantum entanglement demonstrates non-local correlations.
MECHANICS Mechanics (from Ancient Greek ‘of machines’) is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to objects may result in displacements, which are changes of an object’s position relative to its environment. Mechanics is built on the idea that the motion of material bodies is governed by precise, quantitative relationships between forces, mass, and the resulting motion (or equilibrium) of those bodies. There exist universal laws (classically, Newton’s laws) and conservation principles (energy, momentum, angular momentum) that connect force, mass, and motion in a mathematically exact way, letting us predict how systems will evolve.
MOMENTUM Momentum in physics is the quantity of motion an object has, defined as the product of its mass and its velocity; it measures how hard it is to stop or change that motion. Momentum points in the same direction as the motion and its magnitude grows with both mass and speed. Momentum extends the idea of inertia (resistance to change of state) to moving bodies. A more massive or faster object has more momentum, so it takes a greater or longer‑acting force to significantly change its motion (for example, stopping a truck vs. a bicycle at the same speed). Force is the rate of change of momentum. In a closed system with no net external force, total momentum remains constant; this is the law of conservation of momentum. Collisions and interactions redistribute momentum among objects, but the vector sum of all momenta before and after the interaction is the same. Momentum is connected to the very structure of the physical law.
WORK Work is the transfer of energy that happens when a force causes an object to move over some distance in the direction of that force (W= Fd cosθ). There may be force, but if the displacement is zero, or it is perpendicular to the force, then the work done is zero. Work and energy share the same unit because the net work done on a particle equals its change in kinetic energy. Work is positive when energy is added to the object as in accelerating a car forward. Work is negative when energy is removed as in friction slowing a sliding block. Work has magnitude and sign (positive or negative) but no direction in space. In general, work is the mechanical effort required to change a system from one state to another. In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is energy transferred by the system to its surroundings, by a mechanism through which the system can spontaneously exert macroscopic forces on its surroundings, where those forces, and their external effects, can be measured.
PRESSURE Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
SPEED Average speed is defined as the total distance traveled in a given time divided by that time interval. Since distance traveled is always positive, the average speed is always positive. Its units are the same as those of velocity. Average speed is either equal to or greater than the average velocity. Instantaneous speed is always the same as instantaneous velocity.
TIME
Time is a measure of when the object is at a certain position in a coordinate system. Time elapsed is always positive.
VELOCITY
Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement.
WAVE WAVES are cycles of oscillations that have the characteristics of a continuum. A wave can be a disturbance traveling in a stationary medium, such as, the waves on the surface of water in a pond. A wave can also be a rapidly traveling substance with the characteristics of a continuum, such as, light or the rolling waves of the sea.
.
SECTION 3: THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT, TEMPERATURE
.
ADIABATIC PROCESS An adiabatic process occurs without transferring heat or mass between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process transfers energy to the surroundings only as work. It also conceptually forms the foundation of the theory used to expound the first law of thermodynamics and is therefore a key thermodynamic concept. Q = 0 but ΔT ≠ 0.
CARNOT CYCLE The Carnot Cycle is a theoretically reversible cycle in which entropy is conserved. The cycle operates between two “heat reservoirs” at temperatures Th and Tc (hot and cold respectively). The reservoirs have such large thermal capacity that their temperatures are practically unaffected by a single cycle.
During the Carnot cycle, an amount of energy ThΔS is extracted from the hot reservoir and a smaller amount of energy TcΔS is deposited in the cold reservoir. The difference in the two energies (Th-Tc)ΔS is equal to the work done by the engine. Thus, heat is converted into work.
ENERGY, INTERNAL The internal energy keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state. It is often not necessary to consider all of the system’s intrinsic energies. Internal energy is measured as a difference from a reference zero defined by a standard state. The processes that define the internal energy in the state of interest are transfers of matter, or of energy as heat, or as thermodynamic work. If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated and its internal energy cannot change. Microscopically, the internal energy can be analyzed in terms of the kinetic energy of microscopic motion of the system’s particles from translations, rotations, and vibrations, and of the potential energy associated with microscopic forces, including chemical bonds. Internal energy excludes the kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields.
ENERGY, THERMAL Thermal energy refers to several distinct physical concepts, such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible heat, which are defined as types of energy transfer (as is work); or for the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom in a thermal system (kT).
ENTROPY The word ‘entropy’ comes from the Greek words, `en-tropie’ (intrinsic direction). The concept of entropy came about from investigations into lost energy in heat engines. Entropy was introduced as the concept of ‘transformation-energy’, i.e. energy lost to dissipation and friction. Entropy is a macro state variable for a system that is defined only when the system is in equilibrium.
1789 Count Rumford – heat could be created by friction as when cannon bores are machined.
1803 Lazare Carnot – Losses of moments of activity
1824 Sadi Carnot – Work or motive power can be produced when heat falls through temperature difference
1843 James Joules – expresses the concept of energy and its conservation in all processes. He is unable to quantify the effects of friction and dissipation.
1850s Rudolf Clausius – objected to the supposition that no change occurs in the working body. There is inherent loss of usable heat when work is done, e.g. heat produced by friction. This was in contrast to earlier views, based on the theories of Isaac Newton, that heat was an indestructible particle that had mass.
1877 – Boltzmann – visualized a probabilistic way to measure the entropy of an ensemble of ideal gas particles
Entropy is a state variable. Its thermodynamic definition is “Q/T,” and its statistical mechanics definition is “k ln Ω.” Essential problem in statistical thermodynamics has been to determine the distribution of a given amount of energy E over N identical systems.
FREE ENERGY
The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that a thermodynamic system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden. Free energy is not absolute but depends on the choice of a zero point. Therefore, only relative free energy values, or changes in free energy, are physically meaningful.
(Gibbs function) the thermodynamic function of a system that is equal to its enthalpy minus the product of its absolute temperature and entropy: a decrease in the function is equal to the maximum amount of work available exclusive of that due to pressure times volume change during a reversible, isothermal, isobaric process.
(Helmholtz function) the thermodynamic function of a system that is equal to its internal energy minus the product of its absolute temperature and entropy: a decrease in the function is equal to the maximum amount of work available during a reversible isothermal process.
GAS CONSTANT The gas constant R is a physical constant that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law. It relates the energy scale to the temperature scale, when a mole of particles at the stated temperature is being considered. It is defined as the Avogadro constant multiplied by the Boltzmann constant.
HEAT A non-mechanical energy transfer with reference to a temperature difference between a system and its surroundings or between two parts of the same system.
In thermodynamics, heat is not the property of an isolated system. It is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system. Heat excludes any thermodynamic work that was done and any energy contained in matter transferred. Heat transfer occurs by the following mechanisms:
(1) Conduction, through direct contact of immobile bodies, or through a wall or barrier that is impermeable to matter. (2) Radiation between separated bodies. (3) Convective circulation that carries energy from a boundary of one to a boundary of the other. (4) Friction due to work done by the surroundings on the system of interest, such as Joule heating.
Quantity of energy transferred as heat can be measured by its effect on the states of interacting bodies. For example, by the amount of ice melted, or by change in temperature of a body in the surroundings of the system.
HEAT, SENSIBLE Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body (or thermodynamic system) in which the exchange of heat changes the temperature of the body, and some macroscopic variables, but leaves unchanged certain other macroscopic variables, such as volume or pressure. The term is used in contrast to a latent heat, which is the amount of heat exchanged that is hidden, meaning it occurs without change of temperature.
IDEAL GAS The volume of ideal gas is essentially made up of electromagnetic substance. At very high pressures and very low temperatures the Ideal gas approximations are not valid.
IDEAL GAS An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to inter-particle interactions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the ideal gas law, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical mechanics.
IDEAL GAS LAW The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is often written in an empirical form: PV = nRT where P, V and T are the pressure, volume and temperature; n is the amount of substance; and R is the ideal gas constant. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations.
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir (heat bath), and the change in the system will occur slowly enough to allow the system to continue to adjust to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange. ΔT = 0 but Q ≠ 0.
LAW (ZEROTH) OF THERMODYNAMICS: TEMPERATURE If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This law helps define the notion of temperature.
Systems in thermal equilibrium with each other have the same temperature.
Temperature is one-dimensional, that one can conceptually arrange bodies in real number sequence from colder to hotter.
This law allows the definition of temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy, its conjugate variable.
LAW (FIRST) OF THERMODYNAMICS: INTERNAL ENERGY When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.
The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy.
The internal energy of a system is energy contained within the system… It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state.
The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers: (a) as heat, (b) as work, or (c) with matter.
When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be closed. Then the first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat added plus the work done on the system by its surroundings.
If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated. Then its internal energy cannot change. The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
LAW (FIRST) OF THERMODYNAMICS: INTERNAL ENERGY When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.
The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy.
The internal energy of a system is energy contained within the system… It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state.
The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers: (a) as heat, (b) as work, or (c) with matter.
When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be closed. Then the first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat added plus the work done on the system by its surroundings.
If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated. Then its internal energy cannot change. The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
LAW (FIRST) OF THERMODYNAMICS: INTERNAL ENERGY When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.
The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.
The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy.
The internal energy of a system is energy contained within the system… It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state.
The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers: (a) as heat, (b) as work, or (c) with matter.
When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be closed. Then the first law of thermodynamics states that the increase in internal energy is equal to the total heat added plus the work done on the system by its surroundings.
If the containing walls pass neither matter nor energy, the system is said to be isolated. Then its internal energy cannot change. The first law of thermodynamics may be regarded as establishing the existence of the internal energy.
In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible.
Indicates the irreversibility of natural processes. NOTE: The precipitation of order from chaos seems to be irreversible.
When two initially isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in thermodynamic equilibrium with itself but not necessarily with each other, are then allowed to interact, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initially isolated systems is less than or equal to the total entropy of the final combination. Equality occurs just when the two original systems have all their respective intensive variables (temperature, pressure) equal; then the final system also has the same values.
This statement of the second law is founded on the assumption, that in classical thermodynamics, the entropy of a system is defined only when it has reached internal thermodynamic equilibrium (thermodynamic equilibrium with itself).
The second law is applicable to a wide variety of processes, reversible and irreversible. All natural processes are irreversible. Reversible processes are a useful and convenient theoretical fiction, but do not occur in nature.
A prime example of irreversibility is in the transfer of heat by conduction or radiation. It was known long before the discovery of the notion of entropy that when two bodies initially of different temperatures come into thermal connection, then heat always flows from the hotter body to the colder one.
The second law tells also about kinds of irreversibility other than heat transfer, for example those of friction and viscosity, and those of chemical reactions. The notion of entropy is needed to provide that wider scope of the law.
Heat Q is proportional to the total kinetic energy (K.E.) of microscopic particles in a system. Temperature T is proportional to the average K.E. of the system. Therefore, the ratio Q/T (entropy) shall be constant for a closed system, being the ratio of total to average K.E. Thus, it would represent the total number of particles in a system. Q reduces as does T when heat energy converts to the mechanical work done.
Conversion of Heat to mechanical Work is essentially the kinetic energy of microscopic particles converting to kinetic energy of large objects.
Not all K.E. of microscopic particles can be converted to K.E. of large objects. As long as temperature is not zero (K), the microscopic particles retain some of their K.E.
When heat is added to a system in which the number of microscopic particles do not change, then both Q and T increase in the same proportion. It is incorrect to assume that T remains constant.
When Q is converted to mechanical work in a system in which the number of microscopic particles do not change, then both Q and T decrease in the same proportion. It is incorrect to assume that Q remains constant.
Q1 = Q2 + W with a decrease in temperature from T1 to T2. or, W = Q1 – Q2 or, W = n (T1 – T2), where n is proportional to the number of particles in the system
Mechanical work done should be proportional to the difference in temperatures in a reversible process. In an irreversible process where losses occur, work w is less than W.
Efficiency = w/W x 100% = w/[n(T1-T2)] x 100%
Entropy increases when Q remains constant while T decreases. How is Q defined here?
LAW (THIRD) OF THERMODYNAMICS The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The entropy of a perfect crystal of any pure substance approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
At zero temperature the system must be in a state with the minimum thermal energy. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy.
The constant value (not necessarily zero) is called the residual entropy of the system.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
FIRST LAW: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
MOLE (AVOGADRO CONSTANT) The mole is the unit of measurement for amount of substance. A mole of particles is defined as 6.022 × 10^23 particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons. The mass of one mole of a chemical compound, in grams, is numerically equal (for all practical purposes) to the average mass of one molecule of the compound, in atomic mass units).
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy that must be added, in the form of heat, to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in its temperature. The SI unit of specific heat is joule per kelvin per kilogram, J/(K kg). Liquid water has one of the highest specific heats among common substances, about 4182 J/(K kg) at 20 °C. The specific heat often varies with temperature, and is different for each state of matter.
TEMPERATURE Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses hot and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy, present in all matter, which is the source of the occurrence of heat, a flow of energy, when a body is in contact with another that is colder.
TEMPERATURE A measure of the warmth or coldness of an object or substance with reference to some standard value.
TEMPERATURE, THERMODYNAMIC Thermodynamic temperature is defined by the third law of thermodynamics in which the theoretically lowest temperature is the null or zero point. At this point, absolute zero, the particle constituents of matter have minimal motion and can become no colder. Thermodynamic temperature is often also called absolute temperature, for two reasons: the first, proposed by Kelvin, that it does not depend on the properties of a particular material; the second, that it refers to an absolute zero according to the properties of the ideal gas.
THERMODYNAMICS (“force or power of heat”) The science concerned with the relations between heat and mechanical energy or work, and the conversion of one into the other.
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE Every single thermodynamic system exists in a particular state. When a system is taken through a series of different states and finally returned to its initial state, a thermodynamic cycle is said to have occurred. In the process of going through this cycle, the system may perform work on its surroundings, for example by moving a piston, thereby acting as a heat engine.
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Macrostates are not changing, but microstates are constantly changing. When a system changes state, the beginning and final states may be well-defined, but the intermediate states may not be defined because the system is not in equilibrium. However, if we can maintain equilibrium the whole time by making the changes very slowly and in very small steps (quasi-static process). Then we can describe the path from beginning and final states. Most quasi-static processes are reversible because there is no loss of energy. In real world there is no perfectly reversible process.
THERMODYNAMIC STATE A thermodynamic system is a macroscopic object, the microscopic details of which are not explicitly considered in its thermodynamic description.
.
SECTION 4: STATISTICAL MECHANICS
.
BOLTZMANN CONSTANT It is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k), which is named after Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA.
MACROSTATES
Pressure, temperature and volume are macrostates of a system.
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION
A Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution is a probability distribution used for describing the speeds of various particles within a stationary container at a specific temperature. The distribution is often represented with a graph, with the y-axis defined as the number of molecules and the x-axis defined as the speed.
MICROSTATES State of every atom and molecule.
STATE VARIABLE Internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy are state quantities or state functions because they describe quantitatively an equilibrium state of a thermodynamic system, irrespective of how the system arrived in that state. In contrast, mechanical work and heat are process quantities or path functions, because their values depend on the specific transition (or path) between two equilibrium states.
STATISTICAL MECHANICS Statistical mechanics involves dynamics, Where the attention is focused on statistical equilibrium (steady state). Statistical equilibrium does not mean that the particles have stopped moving (mechanical equilibrium), rather, only that the ensemble is not evolving.
(1860) Statistical mechanics was developed to define temperature equilibrium… Statistical mechanics shows how the concepts from macroscopic observations (such as temperature and pressure) are related to the description of microscopic state that fluctuates around an average state… Randomness is used to find meaningful information… Discreteness at microscopic scale averages as fluidity on macroscopic scale.
STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS (equilibrium statistical mechanics) The primary goal of statistical thermodynamics is to derive the classical thermodynamics of materials in terms of the properties of their constituent particles and the interactions between them. In other words, statistical thermodynamics provides a connection between the macroscopic properties of materials in thermodynamic equilibrium, and the microscopic behaviors and motions occurring inside the material.
STATISTICS We can’t keep track of trillions of molecules individually, so we track the average.
When we apply the method of SUBJECT CLEARING to the general knowledge we inevitably end up with the following postulates.
POSTULATE # 31: Underlying an anomaly there is fixation of attention.
COROLLARY: Fixed attention generates anomalies.
Most people have their attention fixated on the body and identity. This leads to fixations on survival and politics. All reactions, as in obsessive-compulsive behavior, are fixations. When you are trying to locate an anomaly, follow the trail of fixation of attention. When you are trying to resolve an anomaly, work out the anatomy of fixations involved. Illusions arise when there are fixations. When you recognize fixations for what they are, you free yourself from them.
Fixations on body appear in the belief that one is just the body. Such a person is fixated on taking care of the body. He rarely have “out-of-body” experiences. Attention gets centered on the body as new sensations are encountered; but when that attention is suppressed it gets fixated there. Attention definitely gets fixated on the body when there are shocks, accidents, and illnesses.
In Scientology, attention gets fixated on individuality when one makes an effort to resolve present and past identities. The attention naturally settles in exploring the environment. For remedies of fixated attention refer to the POSTULATES 26, 27 and 28.
When we apply the method of SUBJECT CLEARING to the general knowledge we inevitably end up with the following postulates.
POSTULATE # 26: The ability to resolve anomalies increases as the viewpoint becomes broader.
COROLLARY: The viewpoint is as broad as it is not fixated and is free to consider.
The narrowest viewpoint is one that is stuck in some mystery. The biggest mystery is when the viewpoint is unconsciousness. As the viewpoint starts to become conscious it becomes aware of the mystery. It finds itself waiting for something to come up, or happen. As it becomes aware of waiting it starts to feel anxious about its survival, and its attention gets fixated on reproducing itself. As it moves beyond the anxiety of sex, its attention gets fixated on eating. It even consumes thoughts and ideas in their literal, symbolic form. It must then overcome its fixation on “figure-figure” type of thinking. As it moves beyond this level, it makes effort to collect data and analyze it. Beyond that it simply starts to rely on emotions. As the attention gets freed up from these fixations the viewpoint is increasingly able to see things as they are, to directly know about them, to become aware of what it does not know, and finally, to know fully.
The technique of meditation that helps this broadening of viewpoint is provided at Meditation from Mystery to Knowing. The viewpoint, ultimately, becomes free of all fixed ideas, biases, prejudices and other filters and, knows things in their totality.
.
POSTULATE # 27: Meditation with the discipline of mindfulness helps solve anomalies.
DEFINITION: The discipline of mindfulness helps overcome filters that one may be looking through.
Anomalies exist because the viewpoint is unable to get full and clear picture of a situation. This is partly because it is unwittingly looking through certain filters. We know these filters as prejudices, biases, fixed ideas, etc.; but the person is simply not aware of them. In meditation, the Discipline of Mindfulness allows the person to view the subject of meditation clearly without such filters. This discipline is essential when meditating on “mystery to knowing” as covered in Postulate # 26.
.
POSTULATE # 28: Resolution of anomalies is further supported by Subject Clearing.
DEFINITION: Subject Clearing is detectingthe basic postulates, assumptions and erroneous ideas present in a subject.
Anomalies also exist partly because the information is not sorted out fully. In the Information Age of today, there is plenty of data available, but skill is required to sort out the relevant data from deceptive, misleading and irrelevant information. One must identify what is really missing and be able to research it. A person can very quickly learn this skill by using the procedure of Subject Clearing. This procedure helps detect and clear up assumptions and erroneous ideas present in a subject. Subject clearing and meditation with the discipline of mindfulness go hand-in-hand.
.
POSTULATE # 29: The attention field continues while the identities disintegrate and regenerate.
COROLLARY: The recycling of identities supports the evolution of the attention field.
Death is the disintegration of identities into energy. From that energy new identities are generated. This recycling of identities is essential for the evolution of the attention field, which is the true self. Only the discrete identities (made up of bodies and mental matrices) die and take birth. The continuum of attention field, which is the integrated awareness of the universe, never perishes. The true eternal self is the attention field. Anomaly comes about when the self starts to believe that it is an identity. When this happens, the self gets trapped into worrying about life and death.
A soul is the idea promoted by some religions that your identity continues after death. What continues is the attention field. A religion giving hope for a finite identity to survive forever is an anomaly. One should let the identity live and die with dignity.
.
POSTULATE # 30: The root cause of all human troubles is the attachment to an identity (individualism).
COROLLARY: Trouble arises when individualism is given priority over the natural goals of family, groups, state, country, mankind, life, and the universe.
Ideally, the goals of an individual should be consistent with the natural goals of family, groups, state, country, mankind, life organisms, etc. When individual goals are in conflict, but still given a higher priority, then we have individualism at play. A good example of individualism is the anomalies in politics that undermine the natural growth and well being of a country. Whenever selfish intentions take priority over the welfare of family and the community, we have trouble. Peace and prosperity arise when individual goals and actions are consistent with the natural goals of family, groups, state, country, mankind, life organisms, etc.
This meditation is done under the Discipline of Mindfulness. It helps the viewpoint of a person move from being in mystery to a state of full knowing.
During this meditation, the person starts by focusing on the notion of mystery. Then he works his way up by focusing sequentially on mystery of unconsciousness and waiting; fixation on sex, eating, symbols, thinking, effort, and emotions; and on looking, knowing about, and not-knowing; and finally, on full knowing.
At each level the meditation is resolving some sort of fixation. If you meditate at a level for a few minutes and find no fixations, simply move to the next level. If a fixation comes up then simply be aware of it and continue to meditate using the discipline of mindfulness. You will know when that fixation is resolved. You then move to the next level of focus.
You go through all these levels in sequence again and again. It may take weeks or months until you suddenly find that there are no fixations any more. As you make progress you will feel an increasing sense of freedom. Finally you will have a great sense of freedom.
“Meditate on the notion of mystery.”
A mystery is anything that remains unexplained or unknown. The anatomy of Mystery is an inability to predict, followed by terrific confusion and then total blackout. The person just shut it all off and said, “I won’t look at it anymore”. Mystery is the level of always pretending there’s something to know earlier than the Mystery. There really is nothing to know back of a Mystery, except the Mystery itself. Meditate on mystery until you recognize that it is a mystery. There is nothing earlier; you just have to look closely at what is there.
“Meditate on the mystery of unconsciousness.”
Unconsciousness is a condition wherein the organism is uncoordinated to greater or lesser degree in its analytical process and motor controls, such as, under anesthesia. Death is more than unconsciousness; it is the disintegration of the body and identity into atoms and monads. You meditate on the mystery of unconsciousness to see what comes up. Meditate on unconsciousness until the feeling of mystery starts to resolve.
“Meditate on the mystery of waiting.”
Waiting is inactivity or being in a state of repose, until something expected happens. You meditate on waiting to see if any mystery comes up. If so then meditate on it until the feeling of mystery starts to resolve.
“Meditate on the fixation on sex.”
When a person thinks he is not going to survive, he will go into the “sexing-ness band”. If you starve cattle for a while they’ll start to breed, and if you feed them too well, they’ll stop breeding. This shows that the fixation on sex is closely associated with the anxiety to survive. Meditate on fixation on sex (on anxiety to survive) until the feeling of fixation starts to resolve.
“Meditate on the fixation on eating.”
Animals eat animals to stay alive. This is their level of knowledge. Here we have fixation on eating and the knowledge associated with it is very condensed. This is what we understand as the dog eat dog world. One has no appreciation of other people and things, other than as means for their own survival. Meditate on any fixation related to eating (on own survival) until the feeling of fixation starts to resolve.
“Meditate on the fixation on symbols.”
A symbol contains mass, meaning and mobility and it is in motion relative to some orientation point. At this level a person figures with symbols. His sense of knowledge is very literal, and it doesn’t go any deeper than the surface. Meditate on any fixation on symbols until the feeling of fixation starts to resolve.
“Meditate on the fixation on thinking.”
At this level a person is fixated on thinking. He is, forever, trying to figure things out. There is no progress because he cannot work or act. This is the “figure-figure” case. Meditate on any fixation on thinking until the feeling of fixation starts to resolve.
“Meditate on the fixation oneffort.”
At this level a person got to touch everything and feel everything before he can know anything. He’ll get a mental image picture of a past incident in order to get an idea of what is happening to him in the present. He cannot observe for himself. Meditate on any fixation on effort until the feeling of fixation starts to resolve.
“Meditate on the fixation on emotion.”
At this level we have to have knowledge by emotion. A person has all kinds of emotions about things. He knows things by his emotional reaction to them. Meditate on any fixation on emotion until the feeling of fixation starts to resolve.
“Meditate on looking.”
At this level we have to look to find out as opposed to simply knowing. Meditate on looking and not simply knowing until whatever came up starts to resolve.
“Meditate on knowing about.”
At this level a person has indirect knowledge of something as opposed to knowing it intimately. In this process you meditate on things you only know about indirectly until whatever came up starts to resolve.
“Meditate on knowing.”
There are things that you are so intimately familiar with that they have become part of your nature. You don’t even notice them. In this process you meditate on things that have become second nature to you until whatever came up starts to resolve.
“Meditate on not-knowing.”
There are things that we don’t know anything about and use speculation in their place. Then we start to believe that speculation to be the reality. In this process you meditate on knowledge that is speculation only until whatever came up starts to resolve.
