Reference: A Logical Approach to Theoretical Physics
With the discovery of quanta, we have a better understanding of particle and void. As we break down the particle of matter it ultimately reduces to quanta of radiation. The void is filled with quanta, and it ultimately reduces to emptiness.
DEFINITION II: The quantity of motion is the measure of the same, arising from the velocity and quantity of matter conjunctly.
The motion of the whole is the sum of the motions of all the parts; and therefore in a body double in quantity, with equal velocity, the motion is double; with twice the velocity, it is quadruple.
A body of matter, such as, the heavenly bodies, moves in space at a uniform velocity. This velocity is shared by all particles that make up that body. The total motion of the body is the sum of the motion of all its particles. The measure of the velocities of different bodies is consistent only when they are relative to a standard reference body.
Velocities are absolutely consistent when measured relative to a reference-body at absolute rest.
Newton used the background of fixed stars as the reference-body at rest. Einstein, on the other hand, used the fixed velocity of light as a reference body of infinite velocity, which works in reverse.
Velocities may also be absolutely consistent when measured relative to a reference-body moving at infinite velocity.
Newton, however, was not sure if that background of fixed stars was at absolute rest. As far as the velocity of light goes, we know that it is very large but not infinite.
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DEFINITION III: The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting, by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to persevere in its present state, whether it be of rest, or of moving uniformly forward in a right line.
This force is ever proportional to the body whose force it is; and differs nothing from the inactivity of the mass, but in our manner of conceiving it. A body, from the inactivity of matter, is not without difficulty put out of its state of rest or motion. Upon which account, this vis insita, may, by a most significant name, be called vis inertia, or force of inactivity. But a body exerts this force only, when another force, impressed upon it, endeavours to change its condition; and the exercise of this force may be considered both as resistance and impulse; it is resistance, in so far as the body, for maintaining its present state, withstands the force impressed; it is impulse, in so far as the body, by not easily giving way to the impressed force of another, endeavours to change the state of that other. Resistance is usually ascribed to bodies at rest, and impulse to those in motion; but motion and rest, as commonly conceived, are only relatively distinguished ; nor are those bodies always truly at rest, which commonly are taken to be so.
The body, when pushed, changes in velocity; but this change is inversely proportional to the mass. The velocity of a body of large mass may only be changed with difficulty. Newton viewed it as a resistance put up by the body and called it the “force of inertia”. Inertia keeps the body moving at a uniform velocity in a straight line, when there are no external forces. In other words,
Inertia smooths out the deviations, if any, from the uniform velocity of the body.
But deviations from uniform velocity can occur only when the body is being pushed around randomly. This means that mass of the body is a factor in smoothing out these deviations. The uniform velocity, which the body naturally acquires, will then depend upon its mass.
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DEFINITION IV: An impressed force is an action exerted upon a body, in order to change its state, either of rest, or of moving uniformly forward in a right line.
This force consists in the action only; and remains no longer in the body, when the action is over. For a body maintains every new state it acquires, by its vis inertia only. Impressed forces are of different origins as from percussion, from pressure, from centripetal force.
The impressed force, or push, will definitely influence the uniform velocity of the body, but that velocity shall be restored back by inertia soon after the push is over. This restoration shall occur as argued above under the previous definition. But, according to Newton, the velocity increased by the momentary push is now maintained by inertia. This could only mean that the momentary push has somehow overcome part of the inertia permanently.
In essence, Newton is implying that the uniform velocity of a body is arbitrary and independent of its mass.
But this contradicts the logic that a body of infinite mass shall have no velocity because it cannot be moved. Other bodies of lesser mass shall have finite velocities relative to it. In general, a body of lesser mass shall revolve around a body of greater mass, and not the other way around. Light that has no mass, has a velocity many degrees of magnitude greater than a body with mass. Therefore,
Evidence suggests that the uniform velocity of a body is higher when its mass is lower. So, there is a relationship between a body’s uniform velocity and its mass.
This conclusion is supported by Faraday’s principle of Conservation of Force, because both uniform velocity and mass are manifestations of force, and the total force must be conserved.
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DEFINITION V: A centripetal force is that by which bodies are drawn or impelled, or any way tend, towards a point as to a centre.
Of this sort is gravity, by which bodies tend to the centre of the earth; magnetism, by which iron tends to the loadstone; and that force, whatever it is, by which the planets are perpetually drawn aside from the rectilinear motions, which otherwise they would pursue, and made to revolve in curvilinear orbits… It is necessary, that the force be of a just quantity, and it belongs to the mathematicians to find the force, that may serve exactly to retain a body in a given orbit, with a given velocity; and vice versa, to determine the curvilinear way, into which a body projected from a given place, with a given velocity, may be made to deviate from its natural rectilinear way, by means of a given force…
A centripetal force requires a fixed location. A body of infinite mass shall have a completely fixed location. A body of lesser mass shall have a less fixed location. There is a certain degree of uncertainty in its location, which is expressed as a less fixed body revolving around a more fixed body. In case of void there are quanta instead of mass particles and, therefore, there is no fixity in the void. It will have an infinite radius of revolution that would make quanta to move in straight lines.
The geometry of the real world has mass integral to it.
Newton assumed space (aether) to be immovable. For this to be true, it must be fixed everywhere, and this requires aether to have infinite mass. But that is not possible. Newton’s assumption of “immovable space” seems to arise from his observation of the background of fixed stars.
Absolutely fixed points are only those that are infinite in mass.
Other points in space are less fixed and have uncertainties associated with them in the form of uniform velocities. Less fixed means less mass and greater velocity.
The uniform velocity is a measure of the lack of fixity of a point. The higher is the velocity of a point, the lower is the mass there.
Note that the location of a body of lot of mass particles will be determined by the center of mass.
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