Physics I: Chapter 1

Reference: Beginning Physics I

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND

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KEY WORD LIST

Physics, Science, Mathematics, Absolute value, Variables, Function, Graph, Inverse function, Trigonometric Function, Simultaneous equations, Linear equation, Units, Standard, International System of Units (SI), Significant figures, Scientific notation

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GLOSSARY

For details on the following concepts, please consult CHAPTER 1.

PHYSICS
Origin: “pertaining to nature.” Physics is the science that deals with matter, energy, motion, and force.

SCIENCE
Origin: “to know.” Science is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.

MATHEMATICS
Origin: “something learned.” Mathematics is the systematic treatment of magnitude, relationships between figures and forms, and relations between quantities expressed symbolically.

ABSOLUTE VALUE
The value without regards to its sign.  It is the magnitude of a number.

VARIABLES
Variables are quantities that can take on a range of values.

FUNCTION
Origin: “performed, executed.” A function is a mathematical relationship between two variables. If one of the variables takes on a particular value, the relationship tells us the corresponding value of the other variable.

GRAPH
Whenever one has a mathematical relationship between two variables, one can represent the function by a two dimensional graph. Note: Look up the definitions of the following on page 3: axes, origin, independent variable, dependent variable, slope, intercept.

INVERSE FUNCTION
A function gives us a y value for every x value. Inverse function turns it around and gives us an x value for every y-value. To get the graph of inverse function, rotate the graph of the function 90 deg clockwise so that y appears along the horizontal.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
Trigonometric Functions are most usually defined in terms of ratios of sides of a right triangle, in which the angle plays the role of the independent variable.

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
When we have two different relationships involving the same two variables, then both relationships can be valid only for specific values of the variables.

LINEAR EQUATION
Such equation are represented by straight lines on a graph.

UNITS
Origin: “unity.” Unit is an identity element. We need units of measurement to measure physical quantities, such as, length, area, volume, velocity, acceleration, mass, time and temperature. Not all measurable quantities require their own units. Often, the unit is automatically defined in terms of other units. Such units are called derived units. In the subject of mechanics, only three physical quantities must have their units defined independently. These three quantities are usually taken to be length, mass and time, and their units are called  fundamental units. It turns out that units can be treated algebraically in any physics equation.

STANDARD
The physical specimen, which defines the unit, is called the standard.

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
The set of units most commonly used throughout the world, and which is almost exclusively used in scientific work. In mechanics, the units are the meter, the kilogram, and the second, and are what is commonly called the mks system.

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Whenever a measured value is given for a physical quantity, it can only be an approximation, because it is not possible to measure  anything with “infinite” accuracy. A scientist or engineer who specifies the numerical value of a physical quantity keeps only as many figures in the number as are justified by the accuracy to which the physical quantity is known. For any measured quantity there is always some uncertainty in the last digit given. The number of significant figures provide a rough measure of percent uncertainty.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific notation is a method for expressing a given quantity as a number having significant digits necessary for a specified degree of accuracy, multiplied by 10 to the appropriate power, as 1385.62 written as 1.386 × 103.

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November 16, 2022 – 9:48 AM Categories: Physics | Comments (2)

The Mystery of Quantum Entanglement

The concept of a PARTICLE is related to the concept of a POINT. Fractally, we assume that a point remains a point no matter how much we expand it. But this is not so in reality as we descend from the material region into the energy region and down the electromagnetic spectrum.

A material point expands in the atomic region. In a hydrogen atom, if we think of the proton as a point, then the electron is a much expanded point. The electron is actually the size of the hydrogen atom with the proton at its center. An electron is about 1840 times larger than the proton, just as the proton is 1840 times denser than the electron.

Instead we assume the electron to be of a dimension even smaller than a proton. We then worry about the position of the electron in the hydrogen atom. We imagine the electron to have a velocity. Later this same assumption leads to the amazement of there being a quantum entanglement. Underlying all such observations is the assumption that electron is even smaller than a proton. 

If we view matter as condensed energy, then it is obvious that matter would expand as it de-condenses into energy in the sub-atomic region. If we view space as denoting the extents of matter and energy, we can visualize space itself expanding in the sub-atomic region. This goes back to the idea of a “mathematical point” expanding when applied to reality.

This becomes more obvious as we see energy wavelength increasing as we go down the electromagnetic spectrum. What is energy wavelength really? We visualize it in terms of a material wavelength like that of a ripple of water in a pond. But they are not the same in reality. Increase in energy wavelength down the electromagnetic spectrum is actually the space expanding.

This also explains the velocity of light being so large. When we assume a light particle to be the size of a “material particle,” we must assume it has a large velocity to “be” in the expanded “light space.”

Quantum entanglement becomes clearer as we see this expanded energy space being superimposed on the material space. We detect the phenomenon of quantum entanglement because the detecting instruments exist in the material space, while the phenomenon exists in the energy space.

The basic mystery lies in our visualization in the material frame of reference.

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November 13, 2022 – 5:59 AM Categories: Science | Post a comment

Physics: The Beginning Concepts

Reference: Course on Subject Clearing

This is a Key Word List and Glossary for the beginning of Physics.

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Key Word List

Physics, Science, Know, Able, Knowledge, Physical, Material, Observation, Experimentation, Matter, Substance, Energy, Motion, Force, Body, Mass, System

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Glossary

Physics
Origin: “pertaining to nature.” Physics is the science that deals with matter, energy, motion, and force.

Science
Origin: “to know.” Science is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.

Know
Origin: “be able to.” To know is to apprehend clearly and with certainty.

Able
Origin: “to have, hold.” To have necessary power, skill, resources, or qualifications.

Knowledge
Origin: “to know.” Knowledge is acquaintance with facts, truths, or principles, as from study or investigation.

Physical
Origin: “pertaining to nature.” Physical indicates connected with, pertaining to that which is material.

Material
Origin: “belonging to matter.” Material pertains to the substance or substances of which a thing is made or composed.

Observation
Origin: “to watch, regard, attend to.” To observe is to regard with attention, especially so as to see or learn something. You can observe only that which has impact on your senses.

Experimentation
Origin: “to try, test.” To experiment is to try or test, especially in order to discover or prove something.

Matter
Origin: “woody part of a tree.” Matter is the substance or substances of which any physical object consists or is composed.

Substance
Origin: “That which stands under.” Something that can be felt as being substantial. In Physics, a substance is something that can have impact.

Energy
Origin: “to be active.” Energy is the capacity for vigorous activity; available power. The substance of light is called energy because of its extreme speed.

Motion
Origin: “to move.” Motion is the action or process of moving or of changing place or position.

Force
Origin: “strong.” Force is an influence on a body or system, producing or tending to produce a change in movement or in shape or other effects.

Body
Body is any mass, especially one considered as a whole.

Mass
Origin: “barley cake.” Mass is the quantity of matter as determined from its weight or from Newton’s second law of motion. 

System
Origin: “that stands together.” In physics, system refers to a physical structure considered as a whole.

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November 10, 2022 – 8:06 AM Categories: Science, Subject Clearing | Post a comment

Meditation: Key Concepts

Reference: Course on Subject Clearing

This is a Key Word List and Glossary for the subject of Meditation.

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Key Word List

Physical objects, Mental objects, Meditation, Living meditation, Focus on breath, Restraining reaction, Realizations, Open-eyes meditation, Walking meditation, Focus in meditation, Principle of consistency 

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Glossary

Physical objects
The physical objects result from the assimilation of perceptual elements coming from the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

Mental objects
The mental objects are memories, thoughts, and feelings triggered by incoming perceptual elements. Mental objects arise because of existing impressions in the mental matrix that are not fully assimilated.

Meditation
In meditation, you focus on the assimilation of the mental objects. So, you at first minimize and control the incoming perceptual elements.

Living meditation
Living meditation is to note the inconsistency in your own behavior, such as, sexual activity, speaking falsely, intoxicants, stealing, etc., and look at it more closely.

Focus on breath
Focus on breath is a method to minimize and control the incoming perceptual elements.

Restraining reaction
Restraining reactions helps one look at the mental objects one at a time in the order they are demanding attention.

Realizations
Intense looking at the mental objects helps them assimilate. As a result, realizations come about.

Open-eyes meditation
Open-eyes meditation is meditation with eyes open. It is a higher gradient of meditation as it triggers greater number of mental objects. This is usually attempted after most mental objects triggered while mediating with eyes closed have been assimilated.

Walking meditation
Walking meditation is meditation with eyes open while walking. This is a still higher gradient of meditation. This is attempted after open-eyes meditation while sitting has been successfully accomplished.

Focus in meditation
Meditation is at first focused on fixed beingness recognized as Matter. It then expands to the activity of the beingness recognized as Energy. Further expansion of focus includes all dimensions of beingness and activity, which is recognized as Space. Further expansion of focus on Time includes changes in all these dimensions and their evolution over a life time. Finally, the focus of meditation expands to the sphere of considerations, which is recognized as Thought.

Principle of consistency 
Just like the principle of entropy, there seems to be a principle of consistency. Considerations, as and when discovered, readjust themselves toward consistency with background considerations. If there is an inconsistency, then there is an undiscovered consideration.

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November 9, 2022 – 9:46 AM Categories: Meditation, Subject Clearing | Post a comment

The Universe & Thinking (old)

Reference: Course on Subject Clearing

This Key Word List and Glossary considers thinking in the universe. Looking is inevitably followed by thinking to fill in the gaps from looking. The essence of thinking is to establish continuity, consistency and harmony of reality.

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Key Word List

Thinking, Postulate, Truth, Anomaly, Reason, Visualize, Create, Thought, Consideration, Logic, Consciousness, Speculation

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Glossary

Thinking
Thinking is postulating and interjecting ideas to make sense out of what is there. Thinking starts with making considerations.

Postulate
A postulate is a self-created truth based on which further reasoning is done. A postulate is made of perceptual elements.

Truth
Truth is the integrity (continuity, consistency, and harmony) of reality. In other words, truth is an absence of anomalies. To the degree anomalies are present, some truth is missing.

Anomaly
An anomaly is any violation of the integrity of reality, such as, discontinuity (missing data), inconsistency (contradictory data), or disharmony (arbitrary data).

Reason
Origin: “Ratio.” Reasoning is generating patterns in mental matrix that are continuous consistent and harmonious (have no anomalies), to resolve inconsistencies.

Consideration
To consider is to examine what is there and give it a shape through visualization. A consideration is the shape given as a structure of associations. The moment something is triggered by the unknowable, it is defined in the mind by considerations.

Visualize
To visualize is to rearrange perceptual elements into a new pattern.

Create
The ability to create is the ability to visualize something consistent.

Thought
Thought is the dimension of relations, associations, considerations, concepts, and ideas. The continuity, consistency and harmony in this dimension provides the sense of logic.

Logic
Origin: “Of speech or reason.” Logic is the system or principles of reasoning. The basic condition of logic is the continuity, harmony and consistency of reality. The mind naturally follows that condition unless interfered with.

Consciousness
Consciousness is the result of assimilation of the mental matrix. The finer is the assimilation, the greater is the consciousness.

Speculation
Origin: “to watch over, explore“. There is always some speculation in thinking, but thinking reduces to speculation only, when possibilities are entertained that do not have firm basis.

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November 7, 2022 – 5:41 PM Categories: Subject Clearing | Post a comment