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References:

Mindful Subject Clearing – Physics

The Disturbance Hypothesis of Light

KHTK Postulates for Physics

Evolution of Physics by Einstein

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From THE EVOLUTION OF PHYSICS by Einstein and Infeld (Chapter III, Section “Ether and Motion”):

We are sitting in a closed room so isolated from the external world that no air can enter or escape. If we sit still and talk we are, from the physical point of view, creating sound waves, which spread from their resting source with the velocity of sound in air. If there were no air or other material medium between the mouth and the ear, we could not detect a sound. Experiment has shown that the velocity of sound in air is the same in all directions, if there is no wind and the air is at rest in the chosen c.s. [coordinate system.]

Let us now imagine that our room moves uniformly through space. A man outside sees, through the glass walls of the moving room (or train if you prefer), everything which is going on inside. From the measurements of the inside observer he can deduce the velocity of sound relative to his c.s. connected with his surroundings, relative to which the room moves. Here again is the old, much discussed, problem of determining the velocity in one c.s. if it is already known in another.

The observer in the room claims: the velocity of sound is, for me, the same in all directions.

The outside observer claims : the velocity of sound, spreading in the moving room and determined in my c.s., is not the same in all directions. It is greater than the standard velocity of sound in the direction of the motion of the room and smaller in the opposite direction… In the case of the sound wave in the room moving uniformly, relative to the outside observer, the following intermediate steps are very essential for our conclusion:

The moving room carries the air in which the sound wave is propagated.

The velocities observed in two c.s. moving uniformly, relative to each other, are connected by the classical transformation.

The corresponding problem for light must be formulated a little differently. The observers in the room are no longer talking, but are sending light signals, or light waves in every direction. Let us further assume that the sources emitting the light signals are permanently resting in the room. The light waves move through the ether just as the sound waves moved through the air.

Is the ether carried with the room as the air was? Since we have no mechanical picture of the ether, it is extremely difficult to answer this question. If the room is closed, the air inside is forced to move with it. There is obviously no sense in thinking of ether in this way, since all matter is immersed in it and it penetrates everywhere. No doors are closed to ether… There is not the slightest doubt as to the clarity of this verdict, although it is obtained through rather indirect experiments in view of the great technical difficulties caused by the enormous value of the velocity of light. The velocity of light is always the same in all c.s. independent of whether or not the emitting source moves, or how it moves.

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In case of sound, the vibration of the object creates displacement in the medium that is at the same macro level.

In case of light, the “vibration” is occurring at a subatomic level, and so is the “displacement” of the “medium”. It is a whole different level.

Motion at macro level may be compared to another motion at macro level in a meaningful way. Similarly, motion at subatomic level may be compared to another motion at subatomic level in a meaningful way. But we lose the relative significance when we try to compare motion at macro level to the motion at subatomic level. This is a problem of scales.

We may be able to express this problem better in terms of disturbance levels. The macro level may be approximated as DL100, where the frequency of electromagnetic disturbance is so high, and variations so rapid, that it looks “solid”. The subatomic level may be approximated as DL50 where the frequency of the electromagnetic disturbance is less “dense” by a factor of 2⁵⁰. The motion of a wavelength at one level shall appear to be shrunk by a factor of 2⁵⁰ at another level. This comparison is hardly significant to the senses.

The factor of 2⁵⁰ is likely to be inaccurate being a rough estimation, but it provides an explanation in terms of the orders of magnitude involved. The motion of the source of light at DL100 will hardly contribute to the motion of light at DL50.

The speed of light shall appear to be constant in all coordinate systems from the perspective of DL100.

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Let’s imagine a drum inside another drum. They both are rotaing about the same axis. The outer drum is rotating at the speed of light of DL50. The inner drum is rotating at the ordinary speed of DL100. Let us also suppose that we are looking at a certain characteristic through a narrow slit.

If we are at the inner drum looking at that characteristic in the outer drum, our c.s.(coordinate system) shall be the inner drum, and we shall see that characteristic in the outer drum changing very rapidly.

But if we are at the outer drum looking at that characteristic in the inner drum, our c.s.shall be the outer drum, and we shall see that characteristic in the inner drum changing very slowly.

In fact, when the c.s. is at DL100, and the background is DL50, the background shall appear to be full of light rays bouncing around at incredible speeds, as is the case in our experience.

But if the c.s. is at DL50 and the background is at DL100, the background shall appear to be dark and solid with a feeling of being totally closed in.

Einstein considers all c.s. to be at DL100 only. From that c.s. the differences in the surrounding speed of light shall not be appreciable because of the order of magnitude involved, and the speed of light shall appear to be constant.

The limitation in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity is that Einstein does not consider the coordinate system at any level other than the material level of DL100.
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Please see Course on Subject Clearing

The starting postulates for Physics are the same as those for Metaphysics as stated in the reference above.

The theoretical ground state for this universe is inertia-less primordial field, which, when disturbed, gives rise to the electromagnetic phenomenon with inertia. Motion is not infinite because motion is defined by inertia. The universe is kept together only because there is inertia. We can walk only because there is friction. This earth can exist only because there is inertia.

These postulate are as workable as they produces observations consistent with reality. There are no absolute certainties. One can always come up with better postulates.

That is how science makes progress. Einstein declared the speed of light to be a universal constant. This is a certainty for now, but there may possibly be a wider context in which the speed of light is a special case.

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KHTK Postulate P1: At the physical level the disturbance in the inertia-less primordial field takes the form of undulating electric and magnetic fields of finite frequency, wavelength and period.

The familiar electromagnetic wave is understood to be transverse in nature. It is like the ripples formed on the surface of a pond when a stone is dropped. The particles of water move up and down in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ripple.

On the other hand, the sound wave formed in air when we speak is longitudinal in nature. It is a pressure wave in which the particles of air move back and forth along the same direction in which the wave propagates.

The transverse wave seems to form at the interface of two different media, such as, between water and air while the longitudinal disturbance seems to form within a single media, such as, within air, or within water. The electromagnetic disturbance, being transverse in nature, seems to require an interface between two different media. We recognize this interface to be formed by electric and magnetic fields.

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KHTK Postulate P2: Increasing electromagnetic disturbance may be defined in terms of levels of doubling frequency.

These disturbance levels are defined in KHTK Postulate M-5 as DL0, DL1, DL2, etc. The frequency of disturbance level “n” (DLn) is defined as “2ⁿ”

The disturbance level for visible light may be approximated as DL49 (frequency 2⁴⁹). The disturbance level of radio waves may be approximated as DL27 (frequency 2²⁷). And the disturbance level of gamma rays may be approximated at DL65 (frequency 2⁶⁵).

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KHTK Postulate P3: The basic electromagnetic disturbance determines the characteristics of space, time, and inertia.

The disturbance, as motion, is made up of different states. The idea of different states provides the characteristic called space. The idea of the progression of such states provides the characteristic called time. The idea of structure due to these states provides the characteristic called inertia.

The ideas of space, time and inertia are inherent to disturbance (motion). This may seem counter-intuitive because we observe objects moving in space and time. But the solid objects are at a much higher disturbance levels than the background.

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KHTK Postulate P4: With increasing disturbance levels, the inertia of disturbance increases.

As frequency of the disturbance increases it provides greater rigidity to its structure, and therefore, the inertia also increases. This inertia is expressed as resistance. A measure of this inertia is provided by permittivity and permeability “of space”.

• Permittivity is the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. The permittivity of classical vacuum, or free space, is about 8.85 × 10⁻¹² Farads/meter.
• Permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself. The permeability of classical vacuum, or free space, is about 1.26 ×10⁻⁶ Henries per meter.

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KHTK Postulate P5: With increasing disturbance levels, space and time condense.

Increasing disturbance levels are accompanied by a shortening of wavelength and period. While increasing frequency indicates greater inertia, the shortening of wavelength and period indicate condensing space and time.

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Next: 

KHTK Postulates for Physics – Part 2

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