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I am originally from India. I am settled in United States since 1969. I love mathematics, philosophy and clarity in thinking.

The Postulates 6 – 10 (old)

December 18, 2020 – 10:17 PM

Please refer to Subject Clearing Universe.

NOTE (12/13/23): It appears that AKASHA is equivalent to SUBSTANCE. The substance condenses and evaporates cyclically.

When we apply the method of SUBJECT CLEARING to the general knowledge we inevitably end up with the following postulates.

POSTULATE # 6: The cycle of the universe starts as a universal field of raw impulsive energy called Akasha.

COROLLARY: All forms in the universe evolve from condensation due to innate attractive attributes of Akasha.

In Hinduism, Akasha means the basis and essence of all things in the material world; the first element created. The cycle of the universe starts with Akasha, a continuum of raw impulse and energy. Akasha has inherent attributes of attraction, and, therefore, impulse and energy attract each other. They integrate and condense as a result. From this condensation emerges everything in this universe.

Scientology refers to this inherent attributes of attraction as admiration. [1]

POSTULATE # 7: The condensation of Akasha leads to the formation of atoms and monads. [2]

DEFINITION: An atom is a vortex of energy that increasingly condenses in the direction of its nucleus.

DEFINITION: A monad is an influence that spreads out from the atom and interacts with the monads of other atoms.

The continuum of Akasha condenses into discrete atoms and monads. Early Greeks postulated atom as an indivisible unit of material substance; and monad as an indivisible unit of some immaterial substance. The condensation of raw energy results in the electronic configuration of the atom, which acts as a primitive body. The condensation of raw impulse results in the patterned influence of monad, which acts as a primitive mind. The interaction among monads serves as the primitive perception. Thus come about the properties and behaviors among atoms.

POSTULATE # 8: The electronic configuration of atoms condenses further into complex chemical configuration of molecules. [3]

COROLLARY: The monads develop into complex electrical, magnetic and electronic influences that make primitive computations possible.

The electronic configurations of atoms attract each other. Some of these attractions develop into tight chemical bonds providing increasingly complex configurations of molecules. The electronic currents around atomic nuclei of molecules develop patterns that make feedback and primitive computations possible. The electronic influence of these patterns start to generate material patterns of movement among the nuclei. Thus come about primitive animation of the molecular body.

This new capability of feedback (reaction) and animation at molecular level shows up in the chemical properties and primitive interactions among molecules. This ability is the beginning of life. The discrete molecular bodies exist in active state within the continuum of Akashic field. The primitive perception among molecules evolves.

POSTULATE # 9: The configurations of atoms and molecules evolve further to generate complex material life forms. [3]

COROLLARY: The influences develop into attention field with matrix of impressions (mental matrix) for sensing and coordinating purposes.

Here we have the evolution of life from single-celled organisms, such as, bacteria and protozoa to multicellular organisms, such as, sponges and fungi. After that, the biodiversity increases. The capabilities of sensing, reacting, computing and animating evolve in a corresponding manner. The monadic influences develop into a field of “attention” extending out from the body into the surrounding environment. Within this field there is a matrix of impressions of what the organism has perceived. This may be referred to as “mental matrix.” Activity among these impressions in the mental matrix, triggered by current perceptions, provide computations of primitive emotions that guide the activity of the organism. Thus there is evolution of life forms, such as, plants, insects, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.

POSTULATE # 10: As the material life forms evolve from mammals to humans they develop a completely new ability of awareness. [4]

COROLLARY: The attention field and mental matrix develop into a mind that possesses a viewpoint on its unique identity. [5]

The mental matrix (matrix of perceptual impressions) becomes increasingly finer and integrated. This finer and integrated aspect becomes part of the attention field that develops an awareness of the environment, and its own relevance within it. It can feel, perceive and experience enough to wonder about it. It develops a sense of identity and becomes interested in exploring it. We may call this unique sense of identity as the viewpoint of the organism. The viewpoint gives the organism a sense of the location from which it is viewing.

The viewpoint does not create the external environment as implied in Scientology. The thoughts about the environment are generated in the mind, which can then modify the view from the viewpoint. [6]

[1] Scientology Factor # 14: Many dimension points combine into larger gases, fluids or solids. Thus there is matter. But the most valued point is admiration, and admiration is so strong its absence alone permits persistence.

[2] Scientology Factor # 15: The dimension point can be different from other dimension points and thus can possess an individual quality. And many dimension points can possess a similar quality, and others can possess a similar quality unto themselves. Thus comes about the quality of classes of matter.

[3] Scientology Factor # 16: The viewpoint can combine dimension points into forms and the forms can be simple or complex and can be at different distances from the viewpoints and so there can be combinations of form. And the forms are capable of motion and the viewpoints are capable of motion and so there can be motion of forms.

[4] Scientology Factor # 2: In the beginning and forever is the decision and the decision is TO BE.

[5] Scientology Factor # 3: The first action of beingness is to assume a viewpoint.

[6] Scientology Factor # 4: The second action of beingness is to extend from the viewpoint, points to view, which are dimension points.

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The Postulates 1 – 5 (old)

December 16, 2020 – 6:21 PM

Please refer to Subject Clearing Universe.

When we apply the method of SUBJECT CLEARING to the general knowledge we inevitably end up with the following postulates.

INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIVERSE

POSTULATE # 1A: The universe is not just physical; it is metaphysical too. The universe includes everything whether physical, metaphysical, real, imaginary, postulated or speculated. Nothing is excluded from the universe.

COROLLARY: The universe includes everything that we observe and experience as body, mind and spirit and maybe more.

Science treats the universe as if it is just physical. Even religion separates the universe from God, implying that the universe does not include the spiritual aspect of God. No wonder we have a limited concept of the universe. The truth is that physical and spiritual are simply two different aspects of the universe that we can visualize. The actual universe is much, much more. It goes beyond what we can visualize.

POSTULATE # 1B: The universe is a single continuous entity.

COROLLARY: The physical and spiritual aspects of the universe are integrated with each other.

The word UNIVERSE is derived from a Latin word that meant “entire, all, literally, turned into one”. No matter how discrete the parts of the universe may appear, they always have an underlying continuity. In science we have the theory of “multiple universes”; but these theorists seem to be missing the fact that a collection of “universes” will simply make a larger universe. There is no absolute separateness between these “multiverses.” There is always some connection somewhere. Absence of a connection will pose an anomaly to be resolved.

The actual universe is much larger than the physical universe of science. The physical universe has the spiritual component missing. The science tries to hide that spiritual component under the definition of energy. In the ultimate sense, energy has its own innate impulse. The idea that this impulse comes from some hidden source called “God,” introduces a mystery when there is none. It may be just that there is more to know about energy. Science is definitely moving in that direction.

THE PRIMARY PROPERTY OF THE UNIVERSE (CYCLES)

POSTULATE # 2A: The universe has neither a beginning, nor an end.

This postulate comes from the ancient Vedas. It takes quite an insight to come up with this postulate. It is supported by the Law of Conservation of Energy in Physics. We can never know if there is an absolute beginning to this universe, or if it will ever end in an absolute sense. When the questions of beginning and end are put aside, we can concentrate on understanding the properties of this universe. According to the verse 7:6 of The Bhagavad Gita, this universe manifests and unmanifests in the The Unattached Viewpoint unceasingly. This is where the Vedas came closest to describing God.

POSTULATE # 2B: The universe manifests and un-manifests in a cyclical fashion.

The manifesting and un-manifesting is essentially the universe switching back and forth between kinetic and potential states. The Big Bang model in physics seems to explain the manifesting of the kinetic state of the universe. The universe manifests as space that condenses into energy, which condenses further into matter. The condensation occurs in the form of galaxies, stars and planets floating in space. .

The Scientology Factor # 1 states, “Before the beginning was a Cause and the entire purpose of the Cause was the creation of effect.” This Factor applies to a cycle of the universe. There is always a previous cycle. The Cause would be the previous cycle. There is no primary cause.

The Scientology Factor # 2 states, “In the beginning and forever is the decision and the decision is TO BE.” This Factor applies to the duration of a cycle of the universe.

THE DIMENSION OF CONTINUITY (TIME)

POSTULATE 3A: The cyclical nature of the universe is manifested as time.

The ultimate cycle is that of eternity within which the cycles of the universe are appearing. This backdrop of eternity is unchanging from the viewpoint of the universe. Similarly, the backdrop of this universe is unchanging from our viewpoint, because we are part of a cycle that is changing within this universe. All the cycles that we are aware of, are appearing and disappearing within the cycle of this universe. Our current “eternity” is this cycle of the universe. We assign durations to all the cycles within this universe with respect to the “foreverness” of the universe. These relative durations of cycles form our sense of time. The Maha Kala of Vedas is the backdrop of eternity that makes the passage of time apparent.

POSTULATE 3B: Eternity may be described as “forever” and the state of “absolute rest”.

When an object, such as, a distant star, seem to endure indefinitely at its location, then it is thought to be at rest. Compared to that star, the planets are moving, and compared to the planets, the moons are moving. “Forever” then becomes an unchanging condition in terms of location or otherwise. Compared to it, a changing condition becomes a purveyor of time.

POSTULATE 3C: Passage of time may be described as “change” and the state of “motion”.

A basic change occurs when an object un-manifests at a location and manifests at an adjacent location. Continued changes in locations are interpreted as the movement of that object. When planets in the sky appear to move, they are simply changing their location compared to unmoving stars that form the background. The stars are relatively more fixed at their locations, or have greater endurance. The movement of the planets provides the sense of time passing.

POSTULATE 3D: Time is measured in terms of the duration of a cycle.

A cycle may be divided into smaller and smaller cycles ad infinitum. The duration of a cycle may be measured as a multiple of the duration of a smaller cycle. It can also be measured as a fraction of the duration of a larger cycle. The duration of a cycle acts as a unit of time. Therefore, time, essentially, is the duration of something measured in terms of the duration of a standard cycle.

THE DIMENSION OF CONSISTENCY (SPACE-ENERGY-MATTER)

POSTULATE # 4A: The universe is an infinite impulse that manifests as space.

COROLLARY: Space is not a void. Space is substantial.

Science sees space as consisting of a mechanism called the Higgs field. The Higgs field converts infinite motion into finite motion and inertia. Inertia is the resistance to motion. No inertia would mean infinite motion. Thus, inertia and finite motion balance each other. This results in constant velocity and momentum. The latter characteristics provide substantiality, which we recognize as SUBSTANCE. The mechanism of Higgs, therefore, generates substance in space. An example of substance is light that exhibits constant velocity and momentum.

POSTULATE # 4B: The substance of the universe appears as electromagnetic radiation in space.

Momentum is the product of inertia and constant velocity. Momentum gives substance an ability to generate impact. The greater is a substance’s impact, the more substantial it is. This substantiality is expressed as consistency (a degree of density, firmness, viscosity, etc.). Variation in consistency generates a spectrum of substance. We are familiar with it as the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. The electromagnetic substance appears as a series of radiation from radio waves to gamma radiation of increasing consistency. This radiation also has the characteristics of volume-space and duration. As consistency increases, the volume-space condenses, and the duration increases. Increase in duration means that the constant velocity decreases. At the upper end of this spectrum we have cathode rays (electrons). Cathode ray have much higher consistency than light. It is much more condensed in space than light. And its duration is much higher as indicated by it velocity that is much less than that of light.

POSTULATE # 4C: Beyond electromagnetic radiation we have the substance of matter.

The electromagnetic radiation flows like a fluid. It has consistency but that consistency is not concentrated in space. When that consistency becomes concentrated in space we have the substance of matter. We call such consistency mass. The center of mass is a property of matter only. It does not exist for electromagnetic radiation. The electron has consistency but it does not have a center of mass. Therefore, electron is a radiation and not a mass particle. The electron is incorrectly referred to as having mass. In fact, electron has inertia and momentum only. So, mass has a specific definition. It is consistency or inertia that is concentrated at points in space. An atom is the result of such concentration. Atoms are characteristic of matter and not of electromagnetic radiation.

POSTULATE # 4D: The atoms are whirlpools that are fixed at their center by mass.

The atom is best understood as a whirlpool of radiation that is condensing toward its center. It is pinned at its center by mass. This mass is called the nucleus of the atom. Thus, an atom has the same whirlpool pattern that we see in galaxies. A galaxy is pinned at its center by a “black hole.” Atoms are oriented randomly in space just like the galaxies are. Since matter has the highest condensation, consistency and inertia, it is seen as curving the space around itself. Because of such curvature, the mass particles, when big and close enough, attract each other. This results in the gravitational force, which is measured as weight of the smaller particle.

NOTE: The whirlpool structure may be formed in electromagnetic radiation but it is not pinned to any mass. It may, therefore, appear and disappear randomly in the flow of radiation giving particle-like impression, such as, of electrons in the cathode ray. But such impressions are limited to discrete interactions between radiation and matter; and such discreteness is not relatively permanent as in the case of atoms in matter.

THE DIMENSION OF HARMONY (PROPERTIES)

POSTULATE # 5: The infinite impulse manifests as substance, its motion and its properties.

The infinite impulse appears as substance. The most fundamental property of substance is forceful motion or momentum arising from inertia. Force appears whenever there is change in momentum. Energy is the potential or actual manifestation of that change. All these properties are the manifestations of the original impulse. With increasingly complex forms come about increasingly complex properties, such as, animation, reactions, thinking and intelligence. The properties are physical and metaphysical. There appears to be innate impulses animating energy forms. Light propagates with an incredible speed with nothing pushing it. The electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus on their own. And the Brownian motion of pollen grains makes them come alive. And then there is life. All these properties present a harmony.

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THE BHAGAVAD GITA: Chapter 7

December 12, 2020 – 7:09 AM

Reference: Course on The Bhagavad Gita
English Translation By Shri Purohit Swami

Chapter 7

श्रीभगवानुवाच
मय्यासक्तमनाःपार्थयोगंयुञ्जन्मदाश्रयः।
असंशयंसमग्रंमांयथाज्ञास्यसितच्छृणु।।7.1।।

7.1 “Lord Shri Krishna said: Listen, O Arjuna! And I will tell thee how thou shalt know Me in my Full perfection, practising meditation with thy mind devoted to Me, and having Me for thy refuge.

ज्ञानंतेऽहंसविज्ञानमिदंवक्ष्याम्यशेषतः।
यज्ज्ञात्वानेहभूयोऽन्यज्ज्ञातव्यमवशिष्यते।।7.2।।

7.2 I will reveal to this knowledge unto thee, and how it may be realized; which, once accomplished, there remains nothing else worth having in this life.

मनुष्याणांसहस्रेषुकश्िचद्यततिसिद्धये।
यततामपिसिद्धानांकश्िचन्मांवेत्तितत्त्वतः।।7.3।।

7.3 Among thousands of men scarcely one strives for perfection, and even amongst those who gain occult powers, perchance but one knows me in truth.

भूमिरापोऽनलोवायुःखंमनोबुद्धिरेवच।
अहङ्कारइतीयंमेभिन्नाप्रकृतिरष्टधा।।7.4।।

7.4 Earth, water, fire, air, ether, mind, intellect and personality; this is the eightfold division of My Manifested Nature.

अपरेयमितस्त्वन्यांप्रकृतिंविद्धिमेपराम्।
जीवभूतांमहाबाहोययेदंधार्यतेजगत्।।7.5।।

7.5 This is My inferior Nature; but distinct from this, O Valiant One, know thou that my Superior Nature is the very Life which sustains the universe.

एतद्योनीनिभूतानिसर्वाणीत्युपधारय।
अहंकृत्स्नस्यजगतःप्रभवःप्रलयस्तथा।।7.6।।

7.6 It is the womb of all being; for I am He by Whom the worlds were created and shall be dissolved.

मत्तःपरतरंनान्यत्किञ्चिदस्तिधनञ्जय।
मयिसर्वमिदंप्रोतंसूत्रेमणिगणाइव।।7.7।।

7.7 O Arjuna! There is nothing higher than Me; all is strung upon Me as rows of pearls upon a thread.

रसोऽहमप्सुकौन्तेयप्रभास्मिशशिसूर्ययोः।
प्रणवःसर्ववेदेषुशब्दःखेपौरुषंनृषु।।7.8।।

7.8 O Arjuna! I am the Fluidity in water, the Light in the sun and in the moon. I am the mystic syllable Om in the Vedic scriptures, the Sound in ether, the Virility in man.

पुण्योगन्धःपृथिव्यांचतेजश्चास्मिविभावसौ।
जीवनंसर्वभूतेषुतपश्चास्मितपस्विषु।।7.9।।

7.9 I am the Fragrance of earth, the Brilliance of fire. I am the Life Force in all beings, and I am the Austerity of the ascetics.

बीजंमांसर्वभूतानांविद्धिपार्थसनातनम्।
बुद्धिर्बुद्धिमतामस्मितेजस्तेजस्विनामहम्।।7.10।।

7.10 Know, O Arjuna, that I am the eternal Seed of being; I am the Intelligence of the intelligent, the Splendour of the resplendent.

बलंबलवतामस्मिकामरागविवर्जितम्।
धर्माविरुद्धोभूतेषुकामोऽस्मिभरतर्षभ।।7.11।।

7.11 I am the Strength of the strong, of them who are free from attachment and desire; and, O Arjuna, I am the Desire for righteousness.

येचैवसात्त्विकाभावाराजसास्तामसाश्चये।
मत्तएवेतितान्विद्धिनत्वहंतेषुतेमयि।।7.12।।

7.12 Whatever be the nature of their life, whether it be pure or passionate or ignorant, they are all derived from Me. They are in Me, but I am not in them.

त्रिभिर्गुणमयैर्भावैरेभिःसर्वमिदंजगत्।
मोहितंनाभिजानातिमामेभ्यःपरमव्ययम्।।7.13।।

7.13 The inhabitants of the world, misled by those natures which the Qualities have engendered, know not that I am higher than them all, and that I do not change.

दैवीह्येषागुणमयीमममायादुरत्यया।
मामेवयेप्रपद्यन्तेमायामेतांतरन्तिते।।7.14।।

7.14 Verily, this Divine Illusion of Phenomenon manifesting itself in the Qualities is difficult to surmount. Only they who devote themselves to Me and to Me alone can accomplish it.

नमांदुष्कृतिनोमूढाःप्रपद्यन्तेनराधमाः।
माययापहृतज्ञानाआसुरंभावमाश्रिताः।।7.15।।

7.15 The sinner, the ignorant, the vile, deprived of spiritual perception by the glamour of Illusion, and he who pursues a godless life – none of them shall find Me.

चतुर्विधाभजन्तेमांजनाःसुकृतिनोऽर्जुन।
आर्तोजिज्ञासुरर्थार्थीज्ञानीचभरतर्षभ।।7.16।।

7.16 O Arjuna! The righteous who worship Me are grouped by stages: first, they who suffer, next they who desire knowledge, then they who thirst after truth, and lastly they who attain wisdom.

तेषांज्ञानीनित्ययुक्तएकभक्ितर्विशिष्यते।
प्रियोहिज्ञानिनोऽत्यर्थमहंसचममप्रियः।।7.17।।

7.17 Of all of these, he who has gained wisdom, who meditates on Me without ceasing, devoting himself only to Me, he is the best; for by the wise man I am exceedingly beloved and the wise man, too, is beloved by Me.

उदाराःसर्वएवैतेज्ञानीत्वात्मैवमेमतम्।
आस्थितःसहियुक्तात्मामामेवानुत्तमांगतिम्।।7.18।।

7.18 Noble-minded are they all, but the wise man I hold as my own Self; for he, remaining always at peace with Me, makes me his final goal.

बहूनांजन्मनामन्तेज्ञानवान्मांप्रपद्यते।
वासुदेवःसर्वमितिसमहात्मासुदुर्लभः।।7.19।।

7.19 After many lives, at last the wise man realises Me as I am. A man so enlightened that he sees God everywhere is very difficult to find.

कामैस्तैस्तैर्हृतज्ञानाःप्रपद्यन्तेऽन्यदेवताः।
तंतंनियममास्थायप्रकृत्यानियताःस्वया।।7.20।।

7.20 They in whom wisdom is obscured by one desire or the other, worship the lesser Powers, practising many rites which vary according to their temperaments.

योयोयांयांतनुंभक्तःश्रद्धयार्चितुमिच्छति।
तस्यतस्याचलांश्रद्धांतामेवविदधाम्यहम्।।7.21।।

7.21 But whatever the form of worship, if the devotee have faith, then upon his faith in that worship do I set My own seal.

सतयाश्रद्धयायुक्तस्तस्याराधनमीहते।
लभतेचततःकामान्मयैवविहितान्हितान्।।7.22।।

7.22 If he worships one form alone with real faith, then shall his desires be fulfilled through that only; for thus have I ordained.

अन्तवत्तुफलंतेषांतद्भवत्यल्पमेधसाम्।
देवान्देवयजोयान्तिमद्भक्तायान्तिमामपि।।7.23।।

7.23 The fruit that comes to men of limited insight is, after all, finite. They who worship the Lower Powers attain them; but those who worship Me come unto Me alone.

अव्यक्तंव्यक्ितमापन्नंमन्यन्तेमामबुद्धयः।
परंभावमजानन्तोममाव्ययमनुत्तमम्।।7.24।।

7.24 The ignorant think of Me, who am the Unmanifested Spirit, as if I were really in human form. They do not understand that My Superior Nature is changeless and most excellent.

नाहंप्रकाशःसर्वस्ययोगमायासमावृतः।
मूढोऽयंनाभिजानातिलोकोमामजमव्ययम्।।7.25।।

7.25 I am not visible to all, for I am enveloped by the illusion of Phenomenon. This deluded world does not know Me as the Unborn and the Imperishable.

वेदाहंसमतीतानिवर्तमानानिचार्जुन।
भविष्याणिचभूतानिमांतुवेदनकश्चन।।7.26।।

7.26 I know, O Arjuna, all beings in the past, the present and the future; but they do not know Me.

इच्छाद्वेषसमुत्थेनद्वन्द्वमोहेनभारत।
सर्वभूतानिसंमोहंसर्गेयान्तिपरन्तप।।7.27।।

7.27 O brave Arjuna! Man lives in a fairy world, deceived by the glamour of opposite sensations, infatuated by desire and aversion.

येषांत्वन्तगतंपापंजनानांपुण्यकर्मणाम्।
तेद्वन्द्वमोहनिर्मुक्ताभजन्तेमांदृढव्रताः।।7.28।।

7.28 But those who act righteously, in whom sin has been destroyed, who are free from the infatuation of the conflicting emotions, they worship Me with firm resolution.

जरामरणमोक्षायमामाश्रित्ययतन्तिये।
तेब्रह्मतद्विदुःकृत्स्नमध्यात्मंकर्मचाखिलम्।।7.29।।

7.29 Those who make Me their refuge, who strive for liberation from decay and Death, they realize the Supreme Spirit, which is their own real Self, and in which all action finds its consummation.

साधिभूताधिदैवंमांसाधियज्ञंचयेविदुः।
प्रयाणकालेऽपिचमांतेविदुर्युक्तचेतसः।।7.30।।

7.30 Those who see Me in the life of the world, in the universal sacrifice, and as pure Divinity, keeping their minds steady, they live in Me, even in the crucial hour of death.”

Subject Clearing

ULTIMATE REFUGE
Not many know this ultimate refuge and arrive at it. The whole universe is its manifestation. It sustains the universe. It lies at the core of everything. It connects everything. All the attributes, qualities and powers come from it. The whole nature springs from it. All deceptions arise from it. It is the constant beyond all illusion. It is not easy to move past this illusion. It requires concentration and discipline to recognize it as Oneness. See Verses 7:1 – 7:15.

REFUGEES
These are the righteous who suffer, who desire knowledge, who thirst after truth, and who then attain wisdom. Of all of these, he who has gained wisdom, who continues to meditates without ceasing is the best. He is closest to attaining the refuge. It may take many lives, but he finally realizes that Oneness is the ultimate refuge. See Verses 7:16 – 7:19.

OBSTACLES
The are the distractions that obscure wisdom by one desire or the other, such as, worshipping the lesser Powers, practicing many rites which vary according to their temperaments. It amounts to a lack of faith in Oneness. See Verses 7:20 – 7:21.

WORSHIP
A person attains whatever form he worships with real faith. The fruit that comes to men of limited insight is, after all, finite. They who worship the Lower Powers attain them; but those who worship the ultimate Oneness attain that. The ignorant think of the ultimate refuge to be of human form. They do not understand that it is changeless and most excellent. See Verses 7:22 – 7:24.

ILLUSION
Man lives in a fairy world, deceived by the glamour of opposite sensations, infatuated by desire and aversion. The ultimate refuge is enveloped by the illusion of Phenomenon. This deluded world does not recognize the constant underlying all this changing phenomena. See Verses 7:25 – 7:27.

DISCIPLINE
Act righteously. Free yourself from the infatuation of the conflicting emotions. Seek oneness with firm resolution. Strive for liberation from decay and Death. The truth lies within you. It is the common denominator of everything. Keep your mind steady, and contemplate on Oneness even in the crucial hour of death. See Verses 7:28 – 7:30.

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The World of Atom (Part XI)

December 6, 2020 – 7:41 PM

Reference: Boorse 1966: The World of Atom

PART XI – ATOMIC THEORY DEVELOPS

THE WORLD OF ATOM by Boorse

Chapter 54: Atomic Number (Henry G. J. Mosley 1887 – 1915)

It seemed to Mendeleev that the mass of an atom is the decisive physical parameter that determines its structure and chemical behavior. Mosley thought that if the electrons were moving in orbits according to the Bohr theory, the X-ray spectrum of a heavy element should exhibit a line structure similar to that of the hydrogen spectrum. The X-ray spectrum would change in a regular way according to charge on the nucleus (the atomic number) as one went from one heavy atom to the next if the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom were correct.

As the charge increases, the electron orbits become more closely bound to the nucleus and we should expect the frequency of spectral lines to increase. This is precisely what Mosley found—the step-by-step change in the frequencies of two distinct lines as one progresses from the lighter to heavier elements. Mosley stated this relationship in a simple empirical formula, which he was able to match with the data. Mosley’s formula shows that the atomic number and not the atomic weight is the decisive quantity in the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table.

Chapter 55: Quantum Theory of Radiation and Atomic Processes (Albert Einstein 1879 – 1955)

The Quantum Theory of Radiation. Einstein (1917) gave the nuclear atom a logically satisfying structure by deriving the Planck’s radiation formula from the Bohr Theory and stationary states. Einstein showed that radiation is a fully directed phenomenon because the momentum of a quantum must be taken into account. A remarkable aspect of this derivation is the appearance of the stimulated emission process (verified later by the development of Laser).

Chapter 56: The Compton Effect (Arthur H. Compton 1892 – 1962)

A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements. The X-ray beam, after it is scattered by electrons, suffers a definite reduction in frequency. Compton showed that energy of the photon, as given by its frequency, is reduced by the same amount that the kinetic energy of the recoil electron is increased. Thus, the photon is a momentum carrying corpuscle that can transfer its momentum in a given direction to the atom. The Compton effect also implies that the electron must be treated as a wave and not as a particle.

Chapter 57: Space Quantization (Otto Stern 1888 – 1969, Walter Gerlach 1889 – 1979)

Experimental Proof of Space Quantization in a Magnetic Field. The fine structure of spectral lines was explained by the quantization of the angular momentum, in addition to the quantization of electron orbits within the atom. Furthermore, there is “space quantization,” which is the concept that the component of the angular momentum vector along the z-direction can take only certain values.

Chapter 58: Electron Spin (Samuel A. Goudsmit 1902 – 1978, George E. Uhlenbeck 1900 – 1988)

Spinning Electrons and the Structure of Spectra. Electron was assumed to be like a golf ball and its spin was postulated to provide the fourth quantum number to explain the complexities of the atomic spectra, but electron can equally be a wave, with “electron spin” requiring a different explanation. Therefore, electron spin is essentially a mathematical parameter.

The four quantum numbers in atomic physics are: principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, magnetic quantum number, and spin quantum number. Together, they describe the unique quantum state of an electron.

The principal quantum number (n) indirectly describes the size of the electron orbital. It has the greatest effect on the energy of the electron. It was first designed to distinguish between different energy levels in the Bohr model of the atom. It is always assigned an integer value (e.g., n = 1, 2, 3…), but its value may never be 0. An orbital for which n = 2 is larger, for example, than an orbital for which n = 1. Energy must be absorbed in order for an electron to be excited from an orbital near the nucleus (n = 1) to get to an orbital further from the nucleus (n = 2).

The azimuthal quantum number (l) for an atomic orbital determines its orbital angular momentum and describes the shape of the orbital.

The magnetic quantum number (m_l): m_l = -l, …, 0, …, +l. Specifies the orientation in space of an orbital of a given energy (n) and shape (l). This number divides the sub-shell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons; there are 2l+1 orbitals in each sub-shell.

The spin quantum number (m_s) describes the angular momentum of an electron. An electron spins around an axis and has both angular momentum and orbital angular momentum. Because angular momentum is a vector, the Spin Quantum Number (s) has both a magnitude (1/2) and direction (+ or -).

Chapter 59: The Exclusion Principle (Wolfgang Pauli 1900 – 1958)

Exclusion Principle and Quantum Mechanics. The four quantum numbers were developed following the Bohr’s model to explain the atomic spectra and to establish consistency among the elements in the Periodic table. Within a given atom, no two electrons can have identical full sets of quantum numbers. The Exclusion Principle has assisted greatly in postulating a structure for the atom. The atomic model is essentially based on a mathematical consistency.

Chapter 60: Secondary Radiation (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 1888 – 1970)

A New Class of Spectra Due to Secondary Radiation. When light hits a molecule or an atom, it is scattered. The scattered light contains frequencies equal to, smaller than, and larger than the frequency of the primary light. That part of the incident frequency is absorbed which corresponds to the natural frequency of the molecule, and the rest is scattered, or the natural frequency is added to the incident frequency of the light that is scattered. This is the Raman Effect.

Chapter 61: Statistical Mechanics (S. N. Bose 1894 – 1974)

Planck’s Law and Light Quantum Hypothesis. Bose applied quantum principle of discrete energy levels to Statistical mechanics. The quantum definition takes the identity of the particles into account. It leads to a distribution different from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and hence to a different equation of state for a perfect gas. Boyle’s law does not hold for such a gas and the departure from Boyle’s law becomes greater and greater as the temperature decreases.

MAIN POINTS

The charge on the nucleus is represented by the atomic number.
Elements differ from each other by their atomic number and atomic weight.
As the charge increases, the electron orbits become more closely bound to the nucleus.
The atomic number and not the atomic weight is the decisive quantity in the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table.
The stationary orbits in Bohr’s model are consistent with Planck’s theory of Quantum.
The momentum of radiation makes it a directed phenomenon.
The photon is a momentum carrying corpuscle that can transfer its momentum in a given direction to the atom.
The electron must be treated as a wave and not as a particle.
The quantization of the angular momentum explains the fine structure of spectral lines,
The electronic structure around the nucleus is defined by four different quantum numbers.
Within a given atom, no two electrons can have identical full sets of quantum numbers.
Lines in spectra occur also due to vibration phenomena other than absorption and emission.
More mathematical relationships are being worked out for the atomic domain.

THEORY
The structure of the atom is increasingly the result of mathematical consistency among experimental observations. The mathematical model defines the structure of the substance that is transitioning from mass of the nucleus into the surrounding vortex of energy.

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Black and White Thinking

December 1, 2020 – 8:22 AM

There is no absolute black, or absolute white. Between black and white there exists a gradient scale of gray.

When we look at the duality of HOT-COLD, it is best viewed as a temperature scale which refers to temperature changing in infinitesimal gradients. At one end of this scale the temperature may be viewed as gradually getting hotter. At the other end of the same scale the temperature may be viewed as gradually getting cooler.

The mathematical duality of infinite-zero is applied to the idea od something and nothing. Infinity is not a number but it represents continuously increasing quantities that are very large. Similarly, zero is not a number but it represents continuously decreasing quantities that are very small.

The “zero” on a scale simply represent an arbitrary reference point called “origin”.

On this mathematical scale of numbers, the integers may appear to be discrete, but between two integers we have fractions, and between two fractions we have irrational numbers. So, the mathematical scale of numbers is really a continuum without any gaps even at the infinitesimal level.

In reality there is a single scale with two ends that extend endlessly on either side.

Any duality like Good-Evil, Right-Wrong, True-False, I am-I am not is, therefore, a continuum of infinitesimally varying values with no gaps in between anywhere. Dualism looks at these dualities as having a wide gap between two opposite ideas. Non-dualism looks at the two opposite ideas as just an illusion. But both these considerations are fixations in the mind.

The fixation of dualism and non-dualism are alike the result of black and white thinking. The truth is that there is a gradient scale that extends endlessly in either direction. This realization settles the confusion between dualism and non-dualism.

The black and white thinking may be looked upon as the result of fixations in the mind.

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