William James – American Philosopher

William James

William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910)

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William James is one of three American Philosophers highlighted in The Story of Philosophy by Will Durant. The other two American philosophers are George Santayana and John Dewey.  I commented on George Santayana’s philosophy in the Comment section of the essay CREATION.

This essay intoduces William James very briefly. For full introduction please refer to this Wikipedia article.

It is interesting to note that William James’ education had a cosmopolitan background. He had an early artistic bent, but, at the age of 19, he switched to scientific studies. Later he studied medicine but never practiced it.

In his early adulthood, James suffered from a variety of physical ailments. After an extended period of philosophical searching he finally resolved in 1872 what he called his “soul-sickness.” In 1873 he joined the faculty at Harvard University where he spent almost his entire academic career. He retired from Harvard in 1907. In 1882 he also joined the Theosophical Society.

He was one of the strongest proponents of the school of functionalism in psychology and of pragmatism in philosophy. He was a founder of the American Society for Psychical Research, as well as a champion of alternative approaches to healing. He challenged his professional colleagues not to let a narrow mindset prevent an honest appraisal of those beliefs.

I shall be commenting on the philosophy of William James (as summarized in the Wikipedia and in The Story of Philosophy) in the Comment section below.

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Being Self-centric & Scientology

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Reference:  Theism, Atheism and Non-theism

 

In the essay referenced above we identified Theism being self-centric while non-Theism being reality-centric. The present essay takes a closer look at the meanings of self-centric and reality-centric.

In Scientology, INTERIORIZATION refers to a condition that has to do with “going into and becoming part of the body too fixedly.” EXTERIORIZATION is defined as a state where the individual experiences being outside his body. When this is done, the person achieves a certainty that he is himself and not his body. Such “out-of-body” experiences are common outside of Scientology but they are random and uncontrolled. Scientology offers processing that can bring about “out-of-body” experience.

Technically, the “out-of-body” experience occurs when the attention, which has been stuck on the body, suddenly becomes unstuck. Once the attention is unstuck it remains unstuck. The euphoria of being “outside the body” settles down after a while to freer attention with normal perceptions.

Any freeing of attention is therapeutic.  One is no longer going through life believing that one is just a body. But Scientology now makes one believe that one is a thetan (an immortal self) that can operate from outside the body permanently.

There is no such thing as a “thetan” that literally moves out of the body and stays outside permanently.  But a person who believes in a God (with self) can easily be convinced that he could be this thetan. This gives the person the goal of operating as a spiritual self without the encumbrance of a physical body.

But the person’s attention now gets stuck on becoming an operating thetan. He moves from being “body-centric” to being “self-centric.”

Scientology promotes this because there is good money in it for Scientology.

Thus, we may define INTERIORIZATION also as: Going into and becoming part of the self too fixedly.

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In physics, the concept of “center of mass” is used to simplify various important calculations in mechanics. The center of mass is the weighted average location of all the mass in a body. The entire mass of a body is treated as if it is concentrated at the center of mass.

The self may then be seen as a “center of feeling” much like the “center of mass.” The center of feeling would be the weighted average location of all physical and mental energies or forces related to a person. The entire feeling of a person is treated as if it is concentrated at the center of feeling or “I”.

When the attention stuck on self suddenly becomes unstuck, there is a wonderful “out-of-self” experience. We may call it exteriorization from self. When this happens, one achieves the certainty that one is much more than some boxed in ideas and thinking patterns. One can be as large as the reality one is witnessing. This is very likely a movement toward the state of Nirvana that Buddha was talking about.

This would be a condition that may be referred to as reality-centric. One is no longer fixated on the survival of a little self. One feels freer than ever before. One now feels compassion for all life and the whole universe because one is now identifying with it.

Nobody is trying to get rid of the “I” here. It is just a shift of focus. One is interiorized in a body because one is so focused on the body. Similarly, one can be interiorized in a self because one is so focused on it.

A reality-centric view simply exteriorizes one from the self. The self does not cease to exist as a result, just like body does not cease to exist when one exteriorizes from the body.

There is a road that takes one beyond being reality-centric. But that would be the subject of another essay.

NOTE: Self is a subset of reality. Self is not the source of reality as one is made to believe in Scientology.

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CREATION

Creation

Creation is not just the creation of what is observed.

CREATION, in the ultimate sense, would be the creation of the observed as well as of the observer.

Is this the “Bigger Bang?”

What does this do to QUANTUM MECHANICS?

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Simply Irresistible

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Theism versus Atheism

Prayer

[June 19, 2014: This document is now obsolete. It is superseded by the document Theism, Atheism and Non-theism]

Reference: The Theistic Viewpoint of God

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Theism views God existing of itself from eternity, and considers it the cause of all other things. In this special role God is separate from all existence.  A theistic culture assigns a similar role to self and assigns it a spiritual status, which is senior to, and separate from the physical existence around it.

Atheism is based on the reality of existence. An atheistic culture does not separate self from other things, but sees everything as part of the same reality of existence.

Abrahamic religions, such as, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, are theistic. The Eastern religions, such as, Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism, are atheistic.

Theism, therefore, is self-centric. Atheism is reality-centric.

Theism is based of subjectivity. Atheism is based on objectivity.

Theism takes the affinities of people and molds it into a reality that is built around the idea of God.

Atheism takes the existing reality and transforms it into a sense of all-inclusive affinity.

The focus of Theism is on the separation of self (individuality). This gives rise to the ideas of us and them.

The focus of Atheism is on oneness of all existence. Thus, differences may arise but they are secondary.

Theism holds a special idea of God. The idea of being one with God is unacceptable to it.

Atheism holds no special idea of God. The idea of being one with ultimate reality is part of it.

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NOTE:

The account above is from eastern perspective. West looks at it differently.

The fact is that western atheism is a reaction to western theism. The concepts of Theism and atheism are exclusively western.

In the East there has been no theism, so there has been no atheism either.

West looks at eastern religions through its filter of theism-atheism and comes up with further terminology like monotheism and polytheism.

All these terminologies are foreign to the East and do not apply to the eastern religions.

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