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Reference: Essays on Substance

The Theory of Substance

At the end of the twentieth century, it was noticed that light, which was considered to have no mass, had momentum that could be sensed and measured. This defined light to be a substance just like matter. The equivalence of matter and energy (radiation) was then postulated by several scientists, and was made famous by Einstein through the equation E = mc².

NOTE: In the context of substance, energy is interpreted as radiation. It is not the same as the potential or kinetic energy that were concepts coined for matter only.

The theory of Substance is inspired by this equivalence of matter and energy (radiation). It defines substance as follows:

Substance is that which is substantial enough to be sensed. The degree of substantiality is its consistency. Consistency means “a degree of density, firmness, viscosity, etc.” The consistency of matter is called mass.

We can sense matter, radiation and thought. However, we place thought in the “black box” of aether because we do not know about it as a substance. This gives us three categories of substance as follows:

MATTER (MASS)
In classical mechanics mass is used for matter only. Mass is not used for light even when light has momentum. The classical concept of mass is, therefore, generalized as CONSISTENCY to cover all three categories of substance. For example, radiation is considered to have “no mass” but it has consistency.

Substance of very high consistency in the nucleus of an atom may still be called mass, because it appears as “solid mass particle.” In contrast, the substance filling the rest of the atom (electrons) is of lower consistency, and it appears as “liquid mass.” The substance beyond the boundary of the atom (electromagnetic radiation) is of very low consistency, and it appears as “gaseous mass.”

RADIATION (CONSISTENCY)
Radiation is the electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which is generalized as light. It is called “energy” because it has no mass; but it is not the same concept as the energy of matter. Here we address it as radiation that has consistency instead of mass, and has a very high inherent motion compared to matter. The consistency of radiation is many degrees of magnitudes lower than that of matter. In a manner, the consistency of radiation is represented by its frequency.

THOUGHT (AETHER)
“Aether” has been postulated since ancient times, and has been given different meanings at different times. It has been used as a “black box” for trying out different ideas. Aether was used as a medium in the wave theory of light. Maxwell used it as certain properties in developing his theory of electromagnetism. Einstein rejected the idea of aether as used in the wave theory of light, but did not outright deny its existence. Mathematically derived ideas of black matter and black energy are now part of this “black box.” Mathematics, basically, has a thought structure; and mathematically described aether shall essentially be a thought construct. The consistency of aether is predicted to be many orders of magnitude lower than even that of light. However, aether, or thought, occupies most of the volume of the universe.

Today this aether is described mathematically as a “field” through a complexity of mathematical symbols and relationships. However, it was described by Faraday very simply as lines of force that could thin out to an infinite degree.

According to the Theory of Substance, aether can be sensed, but in a manner very different from matter and energy. The sensing of aether as “thought” is real, as you can sense it when somebody is looking at you in a crowd, such as, from behind.

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Speed of Light

The theory of Relativity postulates that light has a unique velocity because it corresponds to zero mass, and its ratio with speed of matter is so large that it doesn’t change with change in speed of matter.

The theory of Substance postulates the following:

1. The velocity of substance, such as light, in free space is constant because its motion is balanced by the inertia of its consistency (mass).
2. The velocity of substance has an inverse relationship with its consistency. The motion increases as the consistency decreases.
3. From matter to radiation to thought, as the consistency decreases, the velocity increases.

The very fact that the speed of light is finite and constant, means that speed is in balance with a little bit of mass (consistency). If that consistency is reduced the velocity would increase. Einstein’s postulate works only because the speed of light is too large compared to the speed of matter to be affected by changes in the speed of matter.

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Gravity

Einstein’s General Relativity uses mathematical symbols and equations to express how gravity is governed by four-dimensional spacetime The theory of Substance describes the same relationships in more realistic terms as follows.

Not only motion, but consistency is also relative. All bodies arrange themselves dynamically in space such that their consistencies and motions are in equilibrium at all times. This describes gravity.

This is nature.

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Reference: Essays on Substance

Proton, Electron and Photon

A particle implies a point-like center and a fixed identity that is moving. But the quantum “particles” inside the atom are not like material particles. They are like drops that could be dissolving and forming within a fluid-like field.

According to the Theory of Substance there are no material-like particles inside the atom. There are only fluid-like fields of different consistencies. These fields are continuous with each other despite sharply varying consistencies.

In a hydrogen atom, the only proton of very high consistency is the very small nucleus at the center, but the only electron of 1836 times lesser consistency fills the rest of the atom. This electron is like a huge field of very diluted mass. It is not like a point-like condensed particle orbiting the nucleus. This makes the electron tens of thousands of times larger than the proton.

There seems to be a relationship between consistency and size of substance: The lower is the consistency, the greater is the size.

Even when the atoms are packed tightly within matter, they have very large spaces among them. These spaces are filled with photons of negligible consistency. From the relationship between consistency and size, we may estimate the size of a photon to be tens of thousands of times larger than the electron.

We may not have the exact sizes of Proton, Electron and Photon, but we can say with certainty that the size of the electron is humongous compared to the size of the proton; and the size of the photon is humongous compared to the size of the electron.

The mathematical interpretation of quantum mechanics may disagree with the above conclusion but the mathematics of quantum mechanics assumes quantum entities to be point-like particles that have probabilistic locations.

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Reference: Essays on Substance

Mathematics and Physics

The postulates of Mathematics do arise from real experience, but they are then extended into abstract concepts that become distant from reality. For example, numbers, and their relationships arise from our experience with counting and accounting of distances and directions, but they are then extended to ideas, such as, zero and infinity that are abstract concepts only, and can be interpreted in many ways.

Mathematics has developed along the lines of establishing consistency among its postulates. The abstract postulates have become part of its woof and warp. When mathematics is applied to physics, its abstractions have to tested against real observations. Establishing consistency between the mathematical abstractions and real observations benefits both mathematics and physics.

A scientific hypothesis starts from real observations that are not quite consistent with established theories. The scientist generates a hypothesis to resolve that inconsistency. He may create a mathematical model to flush out as many inconsistencies as possible from his hypothesis.

The hypothesis may make new postulates. These postulates need to be properly justified. When we talk about subjectivity, we are talking about unjustified, arbitrary postulates.

So the scientist develops experiments to test the postulates of his hypothesis. These experiments can be conducted using physical equipment in a lab. The resulting measurements are then compared against the predictions from the hypothesis. A consistency between the two helps the hypothesis to be accepted as a theory.

When mathematical interpretations of the hypotheses and theories start to become complex, unreal, or simply pointless then it is time to develop thought experiments to further test the hypotheses and theories for inconsistencies. The theory of relativity and quantum mechanics are very mathematically oriented. They have espoused ideas about space and time that conflict with reality. Such ideas need to be carefully examined with well designed thought experiments that use live logic.

The thought experiments shall examine the postulates of the hypothesis for consistency with established principles. It will also examine the logical continuity among the ideas and observations leading to those postulates. Finally it will examine the harmony, which these new postulates bring to the broad scene of scientific principles.

The resolution of inconsistencies arising between a hypothesis and the reality of scientific principles may also bring into view basic concepts that are missing both in mathematics as well as in physics. This is what Faraday was insisting in his essay quoted below:

Faraday 1857: On the Conservation of Force

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