KHTK Postulates for Physics – Part 1 (old)

c1

Please see Course on Subject Clearing

The starting postulates for Physics are the same as those for Metaphysics as stated in the reference above.

The theoretical ground state for this universe is inertia-less primordial field, which, when disturbed, gives rise to the electromagnetic phenomenon with inertia. Motion is not infinite because motion is defined by inertia. The universe is kept together only because there is inertia. We can walk only because there is friction. This earth can exist only because there is inertia.

These postulate are as workable as they produces observations consistent with reality. There are no absolute certainties. One can always come up with better postulates.

That is how science makes progress. Einstein declared the speed of light to be a universal constant. This is a certainty for now, but there may possibly be a wider context in which the speed of light is a special case.

.

KHTK Postulate P1: At the physical level the disturbance in the inertia-less primordial field takes the form of undulating electric and magnetic fields of finite frequency, wavelength and period.

The familiar electromagnetic wave is understood to be transverse in nature. It is like the ripples formed on the surface of a pond when a stone is dropped. The particles of water move up and down in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the ripple.

On the other hand, the sound wave formed in air when we speak is longitudinal in nature. It is a pressure wave in which the particles of air move back and forth along the same direction in which the wave propagates.

The transverse wave seems to form at the interface of two different media, such as, between water and air while the longitudinal disturbance seems to form within a single media, such as, within air, or within water. The electromagnetic disturbance, being transverse in nature, seems to require an interface between two different media. We recognize this interface to be formed by electric and magnetic fields.

.

KHTK Postulate P2: Increasing electromagnetic disturbance may be defined in terms of levels of doubling frequency.

These disturbance levels are defined in KHTK Postulate M-5 as DL0, DL1, DL2, etc. The frequency of disturbance level “n” (DLn) is defined as “2n”

The disturbance level for visible light may be approximated as DL49 (frequency 249). The disturbance level of radio waves may be approximated as DL27 (frequency 227). And the disturbance level of gamma rays may be approximated at DL65 (frequency 265).

.

KHTK Postulate P3: The basic electromagnetic disturbance determines the characteristics of space, time, and inertia.

The disturbance, as motion, is made up of different states. The idea of different states provides the characteristic called space. The idea of the progression of such states provides the characteristic called time. The idea of structure due to these states provides the characteristic called inertia.

The ideas of space, time and inertia are inherent to disturbance (motion). This may seem counter-intuitive because we observe objects moving in space and time. But the solid objects are at a much higher disturbance levels than the background.

.

KHTK Postulate P4: With increasing disturbance levels, the inertia of disturbance increases.

As frequency of the disturbance increases it provides greater rigidity to its structure, and therefore, the inertia also increases. This inertia is expressed as resistance. A measure of this inertia is provided by permittivity and permeability “of space”.

  • Permittivity is the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. The permittivity of classical vacuum, or free space, is about 8.85 × 10−12 Farads/meter.
  • Permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself. The permeability of classical vacuum, or free space, is about 1.26 ×10−6 Henries per meter.

.

KHTK Postulate P5: With increasing disturbance levels, space and time condense.

Increasing disturbance levels are accompanied by a shortening of wavelength and period. While increasing frequency indicates greater inertia, the shortening of wavelength and period indicate condensing space and time.

.

Next: 

KHTK Postulates for Physics – Part 2

.

 

February 16, 2014 – 1:28 PM Categories: Science | Comments (133)

The Disturbance Hypothesis of Light

Yoda

My “disturbance hypothesis of light” is far from complete but it is being egged on with help from some very intelligent friends. The following comment from Mark has helped me flesh out some of the ideas in more coherent form.

Comment from MarkNR

My response:

Yes, there are transverse and longitudinal waves. When you flip a rope, the wave that travels over it is transverse. When you play with a slinky, the wave that travels through it is longitudinal.

The ripples on the surface of water in a pool are of transverse nature. But the sound waves that travel through water or air are of longitudinal nature. The electromagnetic waves are thought to be transverse.

You are right in that a transverse wave seems to be a “surface” phenomenon, whereas, longitudinal wave seems to be a “volume” phenomenon. I never looked at it that way before. But it makes sense.

If electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature then are they traveling at the interface of two very different media? Well, we have electrical and magnetic fields associated with this phenomenon. So, an electromagnetic wave may somehow travel in a medium that easily separates into an electric and a magnetic field.

I have been thinking that the electromagnetic waves are to some degree discrete in nature even at very low frequencies. Let’s call such a discrete wave packet of some arbitrarily number of wavelengths a photon.  In that case, a photon will be very long and snakelike at low frequencies, but it will get shorter and more compact as the wavelengths become shorter at higher frequencies.

At the level of electrons, the frequency within the “photon” is high enough to display mass properties due to its compactness. The electron appears like a particle. But it is still spread over some distance to display appreciable wavelike properties.

At the level of proton, however, the frequency within the “photon” is extremely high to make it appear more like a particle than a wave. Its “spread” is very small. At the level of neutron, I believe that the “photon” becomes still more compact such that the charge property gets converted to mass property completely.

This seems to indicate that there is some relationship between the charge and mass. I am trying to define that relationship in terms of “disturbance levels”. A neutron is a really compact “disturbance”. A proton is less so. And an electron displays still lesser compactness of disturbance. What is being disturbed is a primeval field, which appears as “electromagnetic” upon disturbance.

What you are talking about is the corpuscular theory of light that Newton favored. However, Maxwell’s research supported the wave theory of light. I believe that the truth is somewhere in between. I am trying to express my understanding in terms of “disturbance levels” of a primeval field. Such disturbances appear to be increasingly discrete as they gradually become more compact with increasing frequency.

I am simply postulating a primeval field whose inherent nature is yet to be discovered, but the disturbance of which is “electromagnetic” in nature. A disturbance may be looked in terms of having a frequency even when there is nothing vibrating but only a repeating pattern of disturbance.

The notion of “particle” seems to come from the notion of “spread of disturbance” as it becomes compact. The disturbance levels simply lay out a gradient of this “spread”, which becomes increasingly compact. The more compact this disturbance is the better defined its position is in space as a particle.

Your “puffs of smoke” analogy is very apt. It is a concrete rendition of the abstract patterns of “disturbances in vacuum”. Thank you.

.

February 11, 2014 – 9:15 AM Categories: Science | Comments (61)

Real Numbers

Numbers

Natural numbers are counting numbers. Counting refers to things. Counting starts from 1 and goes “one more” forever.

Whole numbers include the additional idea of “nothing” as the absolute reference point. This reference point exists at the beginning of the number line as zero (0). One may then count forever starting from 0. Thus, whole numbers include natural numbers.

Whole number           =        0 + natural number     (in absolute sense)

Integers include the idea of a relative reference point. This reference point may exist anywhere on the number line. This reference point is also called “zero”, and one counts from this point forever in either direction. Counting to the right is positive. Counting to the left is negative. Thus, integers include whole numbers.

Positive number        =        0 + natural number     (in relative sense)

Negative number      =        0 – natural number     (in relative sense)

Rational numbers fill the gaps between integers on the number line, such as, between 0 and 1, between 1 and 2, etc. These numbers are represented as a ratio of two integers, such as, “1/2”, “2/3”, “7/4”, etc. Rational numbers include all integers. Rational numbers may be represented by decimal numbers that either are recurring or terminate.

Rational number       =        ratio of two integers

Irrational numbers also fill the gaps between integers, but they cannot be represented as ratio of two integers. Example of irrational number is the “circumference to diameter ratio” of a circle. This is known as “π (pi)”. Other examples are square roots of prime numbers, such as, √2, √3, etc. Irrational numbers may be approximated by decimal numbers of any length.

All the above numbers together make up the set of Real Numbers. The squares of real numbers are always positive and never negative. The square roots of negative numbers are represented by Imaginary numbers.

.

February 9, 2014 – 8:48 PM Categories: Mathematics | Comments (8)

New Zealand 2013

Vinay_NZ

Here are some pictures on Facebook from our recent trip to New Zealand.

New Zealand 2013

February 5, 2014 – 1:05 PM Categories: Uncategorized | Comments (21)

Inertial Frame of Reference

image001

Wikipedia describes the Inertial Frame of Reference as follows:

In physics, an inertial frame of reference… is a frame of reference that describes time and space homogeneously, isotropically, and in a time-independent manner.

All inertial frames are in a state of constant, rectilinear motion with respect to one another; an accelerometer moving with any of them would detect zero acceleration. Measurements in one inertial frame can be converted to measurements in another by a simple transformation (the Galilean transformation in Newtonian physics and the Lorentz transformation in special relativity). In general relativity, in any region small enough for the curvature of spacetime to be negligible, one can find a set of inertial frames that approximately describe that region.

Underlying this frame of reference is the concept of Inertia.

Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion (including a change in direction). In other words, it is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at constant linear velocity. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles of classical physics that are used to describe the motion of objects and how they are affected by applied forces. Inertia comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, sluggish. Inertia is one of the primary manifestations of mass, which is a quantitative property of physical systems…

In common usage the term “inertia” may refer to an object’s “amount of resistance to change in velocity” (which is quantified by its mass), or sometimes to its momentum, depending on the context. The term “inertia” is more properly understood as shorthand for “the principle of inertia” as described by Newton in his First Law of Motion: that an object not subject to any net external force moves at a constant velocity. Thus, an object will continue moving at its current velocity until some force causes its speed or direction to change.

On the surface of the Earth inertia is often masked by the effects of friction and air resistance, both of which tend to decrease the speed of moving objects (commonly to the point of rest), and gravity. This misled classical theorists such as Aristotle, who believed that objects would move only as long as force was applied to them.

Newton called inertia “innate force of matter,” and “power of resisting.” Einstein’s concept of inertia remained unchanged from Newton’s original meaning. But Einstein redefined gravity in terms of a new concept of “curvature” of space-time, instead of the more traditional system of forces understood by Newton.

.

Inertia plays a key role in the KHTK model of Cosmology, as described below:

  1. The resonance of some primeval field appears as this universe.

  2. The undisturbed primeval field defines the theoretical ground state of zero for this universe.

  3. The disturbance of this primeval field produces motion.

  4. The keys aspects of motion are space, time and inertia.

    We seem to see motion occurring in space and time. However, that space and time obtains its characteristics from the ‘disturbance level’ of motion.

  5. The ‘disturbance levels’ of motion may be defined by plotting their frequency on a logarithmic scale.

    The frequency of Disturbance Level 1 (DL1) may be defined arbitrarily as ‘1’. The subsequent Disturbance Levels are then defined by doubling of this frequency (2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and so on). The Disturbance Level ‘n’ shall have a frequency of 2n-1.

    The electromagnetic waves may be defined on this Disturbance Scale per their frequency. The radio waves shall appear around DL28 (Disturbance level of 28), the visible light around DL50, and the gamma rays around DL66.

  6. Each disturbance level shall have its own spacetime and inertial characteristics.

    The motions at DL28, DL50 and DL66 shall be different from each other in their fundamental characteristics. Einstein postulated ‘c’ (speed of visible light) as the fundamental characteristic of motion that is universally constant.

    However, this model predicts the radio waves to have a speed greater than ‘c’, and the gamma rays to have a speed lower than ‘c’.

  7. The higher is the disturbance level the greater is the inertia.

    Momentum provides an index of inertia.  Inertia expresses itself in terms of discreteness. Photons may not have mass but they have momentum and inertia. At much higher disturbance levels inertia seems to manifest itself as mass.

  8. The universe is made of multi-layered spacetime and inertial frames of reference.

    Let’s suppose the disturbance level of a solid object is around DL100. Its fundamental characteristics of motion shall be very different from that of visible light at DL50. Because these two inertial frames of reference are so different, we cannot reasonably compare the speed of light with the speed of solid matter.

  9. The inertial frames of reference are a function of disturbance levels as described in this KHTK model.

.

February 2, 2014 – 8:39 AM Categories: Science | Comments (60)