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Reference: Essays on Substance

Is Energy Substance?

The approach of science is systematic and empirical, meaning it is not matter-centric. The theory of Substance punctures the current Matter-Centric Fixation in Physics.

The theory of Substance is inspired by the equivalence of matter and energy that was established by Einstein based on the common property of momentum.

Newton defined momentum as “quantity of motion”. Newton’s concept of motion was revolutionary and formed the foundation of classical mechanics. His idea of MOTION involved the following key concepts.

1. Inertia
2. Force
3. Momentum
4. Acceleration
5. Relativity of Motion

Newton arranged these concepts in terms of the following three laws:

1. Newton’s First Law states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law, also known as the law of inertia, describes the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion.

2. Newton’s Second Law quantifies the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. Newton defined motion in terms of momentum, which is the product of an object’s mass and velocity. The law states that the force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum over time. This law could then be formulated in a mathematical form.

3. Newton’s Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law describes the interaction between objects and the forces they exert on each other.

Newton’s formulation of momentum was crucial in developing the concept of conservation of momentum, which can be derived from his laws of motion. This definition of momentum remains fundamental in classical mechanics and continues to be used in modern physics.

In classical mechanics “mass” is used as a constant because variation in mass with respect to time (as considered in Newton’s Second Law) are so small that they cannot be measured in the domain of matter, yet they are there. They only become significant when we compare the momentum of electromagnetic energy to the momentum of matter. It took an Einstein to recognize this. And so a new category of substance was born.

The characteristic of substance is momentum, change in which is sensed as force. This characteristic is common to both matter and energy. When humans interface with the physical universe, it is the sensation of force, which they recognize as substance. But the matter-centric fixation says, “There is no substance other than matter.”

The theory of Substance punctures this fixation by pointing out that electromagnetic energy is also a substance on the same grounds as matter. It is a substance because we can sense it.

When the mater-centric fixation, “There is no substance other than matter,” is punctured, a much clearer view emerges in the subject of physics.

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Reference: Essays on Substance

Quantum Superposition

Superposition is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics that describes the ability of quantum systems to exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured. It is mathematically represented as a linear combination of all possible states of a system. This principle is a direct consequence of the linear nature of the Schrödinger equation, which allows for linear combinations of solutions to represent valid quantum states.

The Schrödinger equation takes the approach of the dimensionless “point particle.” Therefore, it cannot handle the dimensions of a material particle. The concept of “various possible states” of a quantum system comes from trying to address the spread of a material particle from a dimensionless “point particle” approach. All possible states are actually addressing different points in the spread of the material particle.

The Schrödinger’s cat is actually quite substantial. It covers a lot more space than a mathematical point.

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Reference: Essays on Substance

Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement is a strange and fundamental phenomenon in quantum physics where two particles become intrinsically linked, regardless of the distance between them. In this phenomenon, measuring a property of one particle instantly determines the corresponding property of its entangled partner, even if they are separated by vast distances.

But are there really two entangled particles with a vast distance between them? Or, is it the same “particle” stretched over that vast distance? The latter possibility is not surprising looking at how rapidly substance expands as its consistency reduces.

In a hydrogen atom, which contains only one proton and one electron, the electron is the size of the atom; whereas, proton is the size of the extremely small nucleus at the center. The electron has 1/1836 of the mass of the proton, but it is about 10,000 times the size of the proton. The size of a quantum particle appears to have an inverse relationship with its consistency. The photon of light is likely to still be larger by many orders of magnitude.

This above view from The Theory of Substance goes against the “point particle” view of Quantum mechanics. “Point” is a mathematical concept. A dimensionless point does not exist in reality. A “material point” is not dimensionless and it can expand in size.

This matter-centric fixation of Quantum mechanics comes from the Copenhagen interpretation, which is used to interpret all quantum phenomena to this day. Einstein disagreed with this interpretation, and the discontinuity it implied.

Einstein was right! The Theory of Substance agrees with Einstein’s view of continuity. This continuity is an inherent characteristic of The Scientific Method.

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