Matter, Light and Substance

It appears that matter is a substance like wood. Momentum refers to the amount of motion there is, such as, in a moving log. Kinetic Energy is the work done in stopping the moving log.

When two billiard balls collide, their motion changes, and the work is done in changing that motion. But, according to the conservation laws, the net change in motion is zero, and the net work done is zero also. If the motion of a ball has increased, the motion of the other ball has decreased. If one ball did work on the other then the other ball did work back on the first one.

We started out with some substance in a closed system, and that substance has remained the same in spite of the interactions within that system. That is the case with our universe.

Here the word “substance” means that which is substantial and undergoes changes, but the total motion and energy remain the same.

Our perception of substance comes only through FORCE. The more is the force, the more substance, we feel, is there. This was the great experimenter Faraday’s view.

.

The Innate Force

We all have experienced that if something does not resist then we cannot push it. We cannot change its motion or energy. In other words, we cannot even detect it. We can detect substance because we can interact with it through our sense channels and with other instruments of detection. The primary characteristic of substance is that it is substantial enough to be interacted with and, thus, detected.

Therefore, the core of substance is the resistance it puts to being pushed. A substance always reacts to force by returning force. If there is no force returned in any shape or form, then there is no substance. Once there is force there is also motion and energy, but that is secondary. The force defines the substance. This innate force in matter was called INERTIA by Newton.

Anything that can be detected is a substance with innate force.

.

Is Light a Substance?

Nobody questions matter being substance. When we stub our toe by dropping a brick on it, we know that brick has substance. Is light a substance? We can detect light by our eyes and with other instruments. There is change in motion and energy. Underlying that change there is force. Light has innate force.

But if light is substance, it is very different from matter. It obeys laws of nature which are very different from the laws that matter obeys. Still light has innate force. We may not call it inertia because the word “inertia” is used in the context of matter only.

Light can be detected; therefore, it is a substance with innate force.

.

Past Views of Light

In Newton’s time, the recognized substance was matter. He saw light as made up of particles (corpuscular theory) but these particles did not follow the laws of mechanics like matter particles did. Therefore, he did not associate inertia or innate force with them.

Einstein also viewed light to be made up of particles, which he called light quanta. He implied these particles to be packets of energy that had discrete existence in space. These particles carried enough momentum to expel electrons from the surface of certain metals. We may say that Einstein implied light to be a substance and associated innate force with it.

.

Summary

Light has momentum and energy. It must have resistance when it is pushed because its speed is finite. If light had no resistance its speed would be infinite. Therefore, light must be a substance with a very small amount of innate force. The current physics does not look at light that way. That is a big misunderstanding.

We may say that there are two types of substances: atomic and non-atomic.

Matter is an atomic substance. Light is a non-atomic substance. Both are detected by their innate force or inertia.

.

June 17, 2019 – 9:52 AM Categories: Physics Book | Post a comment

SCN 8-8008: Survival

Reference: The Book of Scientology

Survival

Please see the original section at the link above.

.

Summary

According to Hubbard, “The goal of life in the MEST universe is survival and only survival.” Survival is the state or fact of continuing to live or exist, typically in spite of an accident, ordeal, or difficult circumstances. But it is quite obvious that nothing in this universe remains the same for ever. Everything is changing. Survival is something passive. The active form of survival is evolution. The very appearance of life in this universe is the result of evolution.

Of course, all life is surviving, but life is evolving too. We see that rapid evolution in Man and his societies. Survival is the basis of evolution; and evolution is the purpose of survival. We need to emphasize evolution along with survival.

Hubbard says, “It [survival] also covers the wide field of ethics.” According to Hubbard ethics is guided by “maximum survival on the maximum number of dynamics.” But this, as a guideline, is too general to be practical. We need to emphasize the principle of oneness (continuity, consistency and harmony), which is a very specific guideline that works as a constraint at all levels. The constraint of oneness keeps ethics in. The MEST universe itself follows the principle of oneness from which all physical laws are derived. These laws keep the ethics of the MEST universe in.

Hubbard says, “The principle of survival was never intended to embrace theta itself.” Survival, and more accurately evolution, requires the ability to postulate. That ability is theta. The source of theta is unknowable. Survival itself is a postulate of theta. Therefore, theta is beyond, the consideration of survival. 

Hubbard says, “Survival is nothing if not dependent upon havingness, action and beingness.” Havingness is the outcome of doingness (action), and doingness follows naturally from beingness. Beingness is the passing identification of awareness with some postulate. Survival has to do with this identification. As this identification deepens so does survival.

.

Comments

Survival results from the passing identification of awareness with some postulate. The identification may continue to change. That is the type of survival that contains most freedom. If the identification becomes fixed and starts to deepen, the freedom suffers. The deeper is the identification, the lower is the awareness of a person on the tone scale, and the more constrained is his freedom in his survival.

But the person learns from this experience. As he overcomes the constraints of his fixations, he tastes freedom. Thus come about evolution as he is able to change his identifications while he survives. New postulates and forms come about, and the evolution of the universe takes shape. This occurs under the overall constraint of oneness (continuity, consistency and harmony), which provides the perfect balance of freedom with evolution.

.

June 11, 2019 – 7:52 PM Categories: Scientology | Post a comment

Einstein 1920 (App III) The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity

Reference: Einstein’s 1920 Book

Appendix III
The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity

Please see Appendix 3 at the link above.

The development of a science a purely empirical enterprise. The theory correlates a large number of single observations. Although there are different theories, but they may agree completely in terms of deductions from them, which are capable of being tested.

General theory of relativity differs fundamentally from Newtonian mechanics, but the deductions from them are very much in agreement except in few testable cases.

(a) Motion of the Perihelion of Mercury
According to the general theory of relativity, the major axis of the elliptical orbit rotates round the sun in the same sense as the orbital motion of the planet. Theory requires that this rotation should amount to 43 seconds of arc per century for the planet Mercury. This is conformed by actual observations. The theory of Newton does not suffice to calculate the observed motion of Mercury with an
exactness as observed.

(b) Deflection of Light by a Gravitational Field
As a result of this theory, it was expected that a ray of light which is passing close to a heavenly body would be deviated towards the latter. This was tested during the total solar eclipse of 29th May, 1919. The stars in the neighborhood of the sun were photographed during the solar eclipse. The photograph was then compared for the position of the stars when sun was not present. The positions of the stars on the eclipse-photograph appeared displaced radially outwards (away from the centre of the sun) as predicted. The results of the measurements confirmed the theory in a thoroughly satisfactory manner.

(c) Displacement of Spectral Lines towards the Red.
An atom absorbs or emits light of a frequency which is dependent on the potential of the gravitational field in which it is situated. The frequency of an atom situated on the surface of a heavenly body will be somewhat less than the frequency of an atom of the same element which is situated in free space (or on the surface of a smaller celestial body). Thus a displacement towards the red ought to take place for spectral lines produced at the surface of stars as compared with the spectral lines of the same element produced at the surface of the earth. For the sun, the displacement towards the red predicted by theory amounts to about two millionths of the wave-length. A trustworthy calculation is not possible in the case of the stars, because in general neither the mass M nor the radius r is known. Up to the present the examination of the available data does not allow of any definite decision being arrived at, as to whether or not these displacements are to be referred in reality to the effect of gravitation.

.

June 10, 2019 – 5:29 PM Categories: Science | Post a comment

Einstein 1920 (App II) Minkowski’s Four-Dimensional “World”

Reference: Einstein’s 1920 Book

Appendix II
Minkowski’s Four-Dimensional Space (“World”)

Please see Appendix 2 at the link above. This appendix is supplementary to Section XVII.

We can characterize the Lorentz transformation still more simply if we introduce the imaginary √(—1).ct in place of t, as time-variable.

According to the theory of relativity, the “time” enters into natural laws in the same form as the space coordinates. A four-dimensional continuum was described by Minkowski as the “world” instead of “space.” In this continuum, a “location” was defined as an “event in the world.”

This four-dimensional “world” bears a close similarity to the three-dimensional “space” of (Euclidean) analytical geometry. We can regard Minkowski’s “world” in a formal manner as a four-dimensional Euclidean space (with imaginary time co-ordinate); the Lorentz transformation corresponds to a “rotation” of the co-ordinate system in the four-dimensional “world.”

.

Comment

In the four-dimensional world continuum, the first three coordinates define the extents of the substance, and the fourth coordinated defines the consistency of the substance.

.

June 9, 2019 – 9:47 AM Categories: Einstein | Post a comment

Einstein 1920 (App I) Simple Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation

Reference: Einstein’s 1920 Book

Appendix I
Simple Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation

Please see Appendix 1 at the link above. This appendix is supplementary to Section XI.

The Fig. 2 above provides the relative orientation of the co-ordinate systems K and K’. K is relatively at “rest” while K’ is moving at a velocity v.

The coordinates of K and K’ are different for the same event, but they are related by the fact that the velocity of light c is the same in both coordinate systems.

The coordinates for an event in K shall be related by constants to the corresponding coordinates in K’ because v is constant. This is true for motion in reverse direction for straight line motion.

We can relate the uniform velocity v to the constants involved in the correspondence of the coordinates of K and K’.

According to the principle of relativity the unit of lengths at rest in K or K’ will appear to be the same when viewed from the other system (K’ or K). From this we can determine the value of the constants involved in terms of v and c.

This gives us the following relationships between the coordinates of K and K’.

In this way we satisfy the postulate of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo for rays of light of arbitrary direction, both for the system K and for the system K’. We have thus derived the Lorentz transformation.

.

June 9, 2019 – 8:15 AM Categories: Einstein | Post a comment