Vinaire's Blog

Reference: What is Awareness, Scientifically?

In my opinion, the Theory of Relativity treats the “observer” as a human whose awareness is limited by the speed of light. The sense of time for this observer comes from watching the Sun move across the sky at a constant rate. From this sense he then perceives the rates of other changes in the universe.

The observer’s sense of rest comes from his motion relative to earth. That sense characterizes his frame of reference, which he then uses to estimate the rest mass of objects. In short, the concept of the frame of reference in the theory of relativity is tied to the characteristics of human awareness.

The Theory of Relativity is limited by a human-centric notion of awareness.

An observer is basically awareness. Awareness in reality is much broader than the limited notion of human awareness. In order to define awareness scientifically, let’s do the following thought experiment. Imagine being out there in the interstellar space, but with no stars or heavenly bodies around to provide any reference points. Pay attention to your motion.

You could be standing still or you could be moving at the speed of light. But you will find that there is no awareness of motion as long as it is uniform.  Awareness arises only when there is a change in motion that causes acceleration, and which immediately gives rise to inertial resistance.

Light that brings about awareness of other objects is made up of changing electrical and magnetic fields. Such changes are accompanied by inertial resistance as permittivity and permeability. Objects of awareness also consist of changing motion and accompanying inertia at atomic and molecular levels.

There are structures in the brain like visual cortex that are used to explain awareness. But the brain too is made up of neurons, electrical impulses, etc. that consists of changes in motion and inertial forces. So there is motion outside as well as inside the brain. Science is simply associating the motion inside the brain with awareness.

Thus awareness cannot be separated from inertial forces that are inherent to all phenomena. Human awareness is an instance of this. But, objectively, awareness, as inertial force, is present in all phenomena. It need not be defined in human terms.

Appearance of awareness of the characteristics of a phenomenon forms scientific observation. This is tied to the appearance of inertial forces. Every aspect of this universe is changing, and giving rise to inertial forces at all times. This is awareness, which is inherent to the universe. Both observer and observed are part of reality. There is no separate observer as such.

Science has been observing the universe from the viewpoint of the universe.

In this “frame of reference” the scientific observer is simultaneously aware of the whole universe. This awareness is not limited by the speed of light. The Scientific Observer can observe light creeping among stars. He can see earth rotating. He can see motion at all different scales.

Once we understand this universal “frame of reference” of the Scientific Observer, no other frame of reference is needed to explain things. In this frame of reference inherent uniform motion of an object is determined by its inertia. The uniform motion is restored whenever it is deviated from.

Though all aspects of the universe are continually changing, its overall energy and momentum are apparently constant. This condition “no change” means that the universe as a whole has infinite inertia and persistence. Since there is nothing beside the universe, the velocity of the universe may be assumed to be zero.

The scientific observer is inherently static and has infinite persistence like the universe.

The scientific observer derives its sense of motion and time from the frame of reference of the universe as a whole.

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Reference:

Propagation of Light

Disturbance Levels of Space

A New Model of Atom

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From the article on Inertia from Wikipedia:

Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion (including a change in direction). In other words, it is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at constant linear velocity. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles of classical physics that are used to describe the motion of objects and how they are affected by applied forces. Inertia comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, sluggish. Inertia is one of the primary manifestations of mass, which is a quantitative property of physical systems. Isaac Newton defined inertia as his first law in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which states:

The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to preserve its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a straight line.

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Einstein’s concept of inertia remained unchanged from Newton’s original meaning. However, this concept of inertia may be extended to motion that does not involve mass.

A very fundamental motion appears as light. Light is made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The formation of electric and magnetic fields encounter resistance, called permittivity and permeability respectively. Since light has no mass and it travels in space where no medium exists,  this resistance may be viewed as an inherent property of light. Thus, light has inertia. Inertia is defined in this article as follows.

Inertia is the inherent tendency of motion to maintain its status quo.

Per Maxwell’s equations, the speed of light is the inverse of the square root of the product of permittivity and permeability. Thus inertia acts to define the speed of light. We may express this as follows.

Inertia defines the boundaries of motion.

Inertia resists any change in uniform speed regardless of what that speed is. Therefore inertia is the same in all inertial frames of reference. That means inertia is a universal property.

Inertia provides a universal frame of reference.

Thus, inertia underlies all phenomena. It applies to electromagnetic waves throughout the spectrum as frequency, or quantization levels. It applies to all matter throughout the spectrum of elements, compounds and mixtures as mass.

Inertia underlies all phenomena whether wave or a particle.

The inertia may be pictured over a scale that extends from zero to infinity. This picture may look like Gabriel’s Horn.

When inertia is decreasing toward zero (left end of the scale) it may said to be increasingly spreading out in the form of space. When inertia is increasing toward an infinite value (right end of the scale) it may said to be increasingly concentrated at a point. Space is a continuous entity, while the point is discrete.

Space may be filled with points; but space is continuous, and not a set of discrete points.

Inertia appears as mass on the right of the scale. Mathematically, mass may be treated as if located at a point. But inertia that appears on the left of the scale as quantization levels, cannot be represented by a point location. This was expressed by Heisenberg as uncertainty of location. That view erroneously assumes that the location of inertia must always be defined in terms of points. That is not so. Location of inertia may be defined as a region of continuous space. Euclidean “point” is not always appropriate to describe a physical location.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty occurs because physical space and location are being interpreted mathematically through dimensionless points.

Somewhere in the  middle of the above scale, inertia transitions in its characteristics from “quantization” to “mass.” In reality, this transition occurs inside the atom at the interface of the electron region and the nucleus.

Inertia transitions from “quantization” to “mass” inside the atom.

This view of inertia brings about a new understanding to the phenomena occurring at subatomic levels. It extends classical mechanics to explain the phenomena which currently lies in the domain of quantum mechanics.

Inertia seems to transition in some way at the boundary of an atom, and at the boundary of the nucleus. These transitions need to be investigated.

Concept of inertia seems to be more basic than the concept of space, time, and spacetime. This needs to investigated.

Inertia arises only when there is “change” This compares to the arising of the sense of motion. It is conjectured that the sense of gravity may also be comparative. Better understanding of inertia may lead to a deeper understanding of gravity.

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Notes added February 25, 2015

1. The surface of an atom seems to provide the threshold quantization level at which light starts to slow down and converge as if by a lens.
2. The surface of the nucleus of an atom seems to provide the threshold quantization level at which transition takes place from electromagnetic disturbance to mass.

Notes added November 30, 2018

1. In the above essay, the word “disturbance” is replaced by an already existing word “quantization”. Therefore, the disturbance levels are now referred to as quantization levels. Quantization comes from the word quanta that was introduced by Einstein in 1905, to describe the particle-like behavior of light. Einstein observed that as the frequency of the blackbody radiation increased, the wave-like radiation appeared increasingly as particle-like packets (quanta) of energy. This is the process of quantization. An example of quanta is the photon of light.
2. Inertia basically refers to substance. Since light has a finite velocity it  has inertia. Therefore, light is an electromagnetic substance that is different from material substance.

Reference: Propagation of Light

When space is disturbed electric and magnetic fields are generated. These fields oscillate as a transverse wave. The disturbance travels in a straight line at the speed of light.

Disturbance is manifested in space as oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

In each oscillation the disturbance advances by a distance called wavelength. The oscillations occur at a certain frequency. The speed of propagation is then determined by the product of frequency and wavelength. Oscillations are the result of a rotating vector. The propagation of disturbance may be compared to the advance of a rotating screw.

The disturbance propagates like a rotating vector threading into the space.

The space does not provide any resistance. The disturbance contains its own inertia through the interaction between electric and magnetic fields. This inertia resists any change to frequency and wavelength, and keeps the disturbance going.

The disturbance consists of its own inertia that sustains it.

The disturbance has a large range of frequencies and wavelengths. This range is represented by the electromagnetic spectrum consisting of radio waves, microwaves, infra-red light, visible light, ultra-violet light, X-rays and Gamma rays. This spectrum presents increasing frequency and shortening wavelengths, while the speed of propagation remains practically the same.

The disturbance forms a spectrum of increasing frequency and shortening wavelengths.

Since the spectrum extends over a very large range of frequencies, it may be managed more conveniently as Disturbance Levels on a logarithmic scale of base 2 (similar to octaves).

Disturbance Level                 Frequency

                0                                  2⁰ or 1

                1                                  2¹ or 2

                2                                  2² or 4

                3                                  2³ or 8

                …                                 …

                n                                 2ⁿ

The disturbance levels of some of the electromagnetic frequencies are as follows

     EM Frequency                 Disturbance Level

Visible light ………………….. ~ 49  

Gamma Rays ………………… ~ 65

Electron ………………………. 66.7

Proton ………………………… 77.6

Neutron ……………………….. 77.6

Inertia seems to increase with increasing disturbance levels. The disturbance levels may provide a measure of inertia.

x represents frequency; y represents Disturbance Levels

These disturbance levels may be plotted as above. It can be seen from this graph that negative disturbance levels may be postulated to exist with the halving of frequency. The frequency never reaches zero, except theoretically. We may postulate a level of zero frequency to describe undisturbed space. This space forms the background of all disturbance. The undisturbed space has zero inertia.

The background of all phenomena is undisturbed space of zero frequency and no inertia.

The disturbance levels express inertia. When disturbance level crosses a threshold, the inertia transitions from “wave-disturbance” to “particle-mass.” Inside the atom, this transition occurs at the boundary of the nucleus.

The concept of “Disturbance Level” shall be used in subsequent discussions.

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