Author Archives: vinaire

I am originally from India. I am settled in United States since 1969. I love mathematics, philosophy and clarity in thinking.

Comments: The Theta Being

Reference: A History of Man
Reference: CHAPTER FOUR A

Comments on CHAPTER FOUR A
The Theta Being

A person can start to disentangle himself by first understanding the concepts of BEINGNESS, BEING, INDIVIDUALITY and IDENTITY.

These concepts are described at The Definition of BEINGNESS, etc. He can know who he is and where he is. He should then resolve anomalies to do with his beingness. Subject Clearing is a powerful tool to accomplish this.

But resolving the anomalies in one’s beingness is just the beginning. He has certainly achieved a lot, but he is still subject to the anomalies in others, and also to the anomalies in the society, in the mankind, and in the universe.  

Hubbard is viewing the body as a liability because it is very vulnerable. The solution is simple. Operate as usual without having attention fixated on the body. If the body gets engrams, simply run them out.

It is Hubbard’s theory that a THETA BEING is something else entirely that can operate independently of the body. This is not so. A being is a package of postulated goals and behavior characteristics. These goals and behavior characteristics are the outcome of a long evolutionary struggle to have an efficient organism. The focus of the DNA programming has been on producing an efficient body that is controlled by an efficient mind. The body and mind have always been a single system. Self-awareness manifests at the upper end of this programming evolution along with the ability to think broadly. This is the emergence of the theta being. The theta being cannot exist without the underlying body. 

The phenomenon of EXTERIORIZATION makes one believe that the theta being can operate independently of the body. Therefore, Hubbard’s solution to the liability of a vulnerable body is to have the person “operate without the body.” But the most one can accomplish is to operate without the attention fixated on the body. The phenomenon of exteriorization is actually produced by this non-fixation of attention. The theta being still needs the body to operate.

Having a body is not an anomaly, but having one’s attention fixated on the body is definitely an anomaly. If a person feels that he can’t be himself then he is stuck with some anomaly. If the mind-body system is weak then one needs to find and resolve the anomalies that are weakening it.

The universe is not as bad as Hubbard makes it out to be. Hubbard is looking at conflicts between “self” and “other”; but all such conflicts evaporate when one starts to perceive all life as one, and focuses on resolving the anomalies in beingness. It is true that there is fixation on bodies in the current society and this is a huge anomaly with a social dimension. But Hubbard theory blames the body instead of focusing on resolving this anomaly.

Hubbard wants to achieve a certain ideal scene. There is nothing wrong with that ideal scene, but he seems to be pursuing a flawed reasoning toward some imaginary “solution.”

.

Definitions

BEINGNESS
Beingness is the ability to postulate and to become aware. This ability is expressed through every being. This is the ’Self’ of the Vedas (written with the upper case ‘S’). The nature of beingness or ‘Self’ is same for everybody. This beingness is considered to be eternal.

BEING
A being is a package of postulated goals and behavior characteristics.  This package is characteristically different from person to person. This is the ’self’ of the Vedas (written with the lower case ’s’). The being or ‘self’ has individuality; yet it is part of a consistent whole per the principle of oneness. The being is subject to its own lifetime. 

EXTERIORIZATION

The whole idea, in Scientology, that the person, as the thetan, is detachable from the body is misconceived. When a part of the body is detached from rest of the body, certain functionality is lost. When the whole body is detached, it can only mean the loss of all functionality, or death. In reality, the phenomenon of exteriorization simply means letting go of the fixation on the body, mind, and self.

INDIVIDUALITY
An individuality is the unique set of postulates that defines the being.

IDENTITY
An identity is an identified object.

For other Scientology words, please see: Technical Dictionary
For regular English words, please see: https://www.dictionary.com/

.

Comments: The Genetic Line

Reference: A History of Man
Reference: CHAPTER FOUR

Comments on CHAPTER FOUR
The Genetic Line

In Chapter 4, we are basically looking at DNA programming. It may appear to have an identity of its own. It may present us with dreamlike “visualizations” that provide us with a sequence of evolutionary track. 

DNA programming consists of epicenters that stand along the nerve channels of the body and are like switchboards. They still command their immediate areas and, independently of the central command post in the brain, can cause reaction in their area. Optimally, there should be communication amongst all epicenters in the body with the result of a complete unity of action by the body. 

The DNA programming seems to have evolved from resolving the anomalies contained in experiences. The DNA programming itself is not the subject of auditing. Only the anomalies in DNA programming needs to be resolved. Such anomalies come to attention by themselves during subject clearing. 

Hubbard believed that auditing the genetic entity with the E-meter could provide data to reconstruct this programming. He had a lot of theories. He basically tested these theories by E-meter reactions. Unfortunately, an E-meter reaction, by no means validates a theory. It simply indicates the presence of some anomaly.

Hubbard worked out the following sequence:

(1) An atom is the first appearance of a solid structure, around which motion may be anchored.

(2) Very early on, cosmic impacts created confusions, such as, whether to accept something or reject it.

(3) At the stage of the photon converter, the overall effort was to to convert chaos into order. The chaos itself was life that was gradually ordering itself. There is a lot of trial and error. Change in form, which we see as death and birth today, was routine. Hubbard makes it a conflict between chaos and order. However, one can see it as chaos trying to bring order into itself.

(4) At the stage of helper, life seems to be acquiring different identities by splitting. However, much charge blows off when life is viewed as oneness made up all these identities. But Hubbard focuses on individuality and emphasizes “self” and “other” aspect instead of the oneness aspect.

(5) At the stage of clam, different impressions seem to be moulding different organisms; but all these organisms make up the same life. The element of conflict enters only when the viewpoint of oneness is ignored. Hubbard ignores the viewpoint of oneness and emphasizes individuality in his theories.

(6) Hubbard projects a human viewpoint in describing the stage of Weeper. However, when this programming took place there was no human viewpoint or consciousness. It was just chaos being converted to order. The projection of human emotions on to genetic programming makes Hubbard’s theories suspect.

(7) The approach of searching for genetic incident to audit can be quite confusing and may lead to trouble. In Subject Clearing one starts with anomalies in the present time and follows them up. The right incidents come up by themselves. If there are unassimilated impressions of explosions, they will come up in subject clearing by themselves and run out. Hubbard theory of volcanoes is unnecessary.

(8) Hubbard assumes an unbroken theta line, which is separate from the genetic line. But it is theta that postulates the genetic line into existence. As the genetic line evolves and becomes very sophisticated the phenomenon of independent thought manifests. This phenomenon of independent thought has been misconstrued by Hubbard as an independent “theta line.” The theta underlies the genetic line and the theta being is superimposed upon it. Nether theta nor theta being is separate and independent of the genetic line.

(9) The sophistication of DNA programming leads to the manifestation of independent thought, just as the sophistication of computer programming leads to AI (artificial intelligence). Therefore, the theta being evolves from the genetic entity. Self-awareness is associated more with the theta being. GE has no self-awareness and it acquires no charge on such incidents as “being eaten.” Charge enters the picture only when self-awareness is involved and there is resistance to “being eaten.”

(10) Therefore, from GE to Theta being there is an increased sophistication of DNA programming. The programming underlying the theta being has increasing self-awareness component. This takes place at the stage of Sloth.

(11) The increasingly self-aware stages are those of Ape, Piltdown man and Cavemen. Awareness of overts enters into picture only at this level of genetic programming.

Theta is the ability to postulate and become aware. Theta postulates the genetic line into existence. The genetic line is devoted to bringing order into chaos. It does so through trial and error, which produces the DNA programming. Over time this programming gets increasingly sophisticated until it acquires the component of self-awareness. This component of self-awareness is the beginning of theta being, which then develops to the human stage.

The basic anomaly in Hubbard’s theory is a fixation on individuality and ignoring the oneness of life. He assumes Theta Being to be separate and independent of GE, whereas, according to the principle of oneness, the Theta Being evolves from GE.

Both GE and Theta Being are aspect of DNA programming that is part of the mental matrix like all other experience. GE is just a deeper part of matrix.

Death is the total and permanent cessation of all the vital functions of an organism. The organism has lost the coordination of its parts due to fatal injury or aging. The active DNA programming continues to evolve through live progeny. Logically, no impressions of death should be carried forward, since the DNA of organism that dies, does not continue. Therefore, the past life memory of DNA programming that continues through progeny, shall contain no death.

.

Summary

The theta underlies the genetic line which underlies the theta being. They are part of the same continuum. The theta being has simply evolved out of the genetic entity as the genetic programming becomes more self-aware like AI (artificial intelligence). Hubbard’s theory of past deaths being recorded as memory is questionable. There is no swapping of pictures between GE and Theta Being.

Hubbard’s research is based purely on E-meter reactions to the questions he asked. The question that was asked and what the e-meter reacted to, can be two very different things. The assumption that the two are always the same may not be true. This brings the integrity of Hubbard’s research into question. We can find the truth only through the principle of oneness by applying the subject clearing procedure. There is likely to be something that the E-meter is reacting to, but it is not what one may expect it to be.

Hubbard assumes that GE and theta being are two different beings within a person. This is another way of saying that the person can exist independent of the body. This is not true because the person needs the body to exist. The correct explanation is that a person can exist without fixation on the body. According to Buddhism, there is no such thing as a permanent soul. The soul exists only in a body that is alive.

At the time of death, the self-awareness ceases first, followed by the cessation of the activities of DNA programming. As the identification with body ceases the viewpoint positions itself away from the body. It may get a downview of the dead. In the end there is no consciousness at all.

.

Definitions

EPICENTER
The epicenters stand along the nerve channels of the body and are like switchboards. They would be such parts of the body as the “funny bones” or any “judo-sensitive” spots: the sides of the neck, the inside of the wrist, the places the doctors tap to find out if there is a reflex. Those things are sub-brains picked up on the evolutionary line probably. They have a monitoring effect on the body and the individual. 

EPICENTER THEORY
The theory of the epicenters applies very particularly along the MEST evolutionary line. This theory holds that in any given generation on the evolutionary line, the sum of its counter-efforts will form, in the next generation, the new command post.

GENETIC ENTITY
Genetic entity is the DNA programming, which represents all the cellular experience on the genetic line. It serves as the blueprint for the body. It has the manifestation of a single identity located at the center of the body in the stomach.

THETA BEING
The theta being is the self-aware aspect of the DNA programming, similar in characteristics to AI (artificial intelligence). This is who the person thinks he is. It represents the analytical ability of the mind, which does not exist in animals. The unassimilated impressions associated with the “I” are the most important target of subject clearing. Out of the resolution of these anomalies will come a better understanding of who one really is.

For other Scientology words, please see: Technical Dictionary
For regular English words, please see: https://www.dictionary.com/

.

A History of Man: Chapter Four A

Reference: A History of Man

This paper presents CHAPTER FOUR A from the book SCIENTOLOGY: A HISTORY OF MAN by L. RON HUBBARD. The contents are from the original publication of this book in 1952.

The paragraphs of the original material (in black) are accompanied by brief comments (in color) based on the present understanding.  Feedback on these comments is appreciated.

The heading below is linked to the original materials.

.

CHAPTER FOUR A

The Theta Being

THE THETA BEING is the principal target of the auditor.

THE PRECLEAR is the theta being.

The main thing wrong with any preclear is that he cannot disentangle himself from entities and somatic entities, from demon circuits and MEST bodies. He wants to know WHO he is and WHERE he is.

A common complaint from a preclear is that somebody won’t let him be himself. The joke of this is that the preclear doesn’t know who HIMSELF is, much less why he can be allowed to be HIM.

Take any preclear and, using concept running, motivator, overt and DED and you will find him instantly in the midst of dozens of engrams if you ask him to run the concepts, “I am myself,” “You are yourself,” “What is my name?” “Who am I?” and similar concepts which attempt to single out his identity.

A person can disentangle himself from all anomalies, such as, the fixation on the body, the demon circuits, etc. He can know who he is and where he is once he understands The Definition of BEINGNESS, etc. Having a body is not an anomaly, but having a fixation on the body is definitely an anomaly. If a person can’t be himself then he is stuck with an anomaly.

The only reason why a person becomes aberrated about other people is that he cannot distinguish between himself and others. You find preclears—and auditors too—who go around thinking themselves burdened with facsimiles of others, who become restimulated and then try to run the engrams of others to cool the restimulation.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL “I” IS THE SURE CURE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SELF WITH OTHERS AND OTHERS WITH OTHERS.

WHO is the preclear? He is the theta being.

How does one really de-aberrate and clear a preclear? By clearing the theta being.

By running genetic entity incidents, by cleaning up present life, by running “past deaths,” the auditor can get rid of psychosomatics by the bale for the preclear. The auditor can practically rebuild the body.

He can clarify thought by taking away pains restimulated by thinking. He can do a thousand marvels never before possible here on Earth—or anywhere else for that matter.

An aberrated person is unable to see things as they are. He is unable to recognize similarities and differences among things. The first thing is to clear his misconceptions on the subject of beingness. Then help him resolve anomalies to do with his beingness. Subject Clearing is a powerful tool to accomplish this.

But when he has done all these things, often at great labour, what does he have? He has a composite being, good enough to be called Homo Novis—a theta-animated MEST body possessed of new and desirable attributes. That doesn’t mean he has the preclear cleared. That doesn’t mean that he has located the preclear for the preclear and restored an ultimate self-determinism. It means the auditor has done well. The auditor has made what we are calling a MEST clear, a good, sane, rational MEST being about a skyscraper higher than Homo Sapiens. But in that Homo Sapiens is a pretty horrible thing to be, this isn’t good enough, not nearly good enough.

This Homo Novis is limited in his self-determinism by all the economic and social restrictions of an aberrated society. He is not free of food, clothing or shelter. He dies when you get him too cold, he perishes when the oxygen content drops too low. He is living in a tolerance band which keeps him cramped to the face of one second-rate planet in a tenth-rate system, prey to all the ill will that blows. Is this being free or self-determined? Maybe he is good enough to overlord his fellows into a security for himself never before possible. But that is his only real route towards security. He must fight and command for his three squares, he must use police protection in order to keep himself free of bullet holes and bumper marks. Compared to a Homo Sapiens, Homo Novis is very high and godlike. Compared to a truly self-determined being, Homo Novis is an ant ready to die under anybody’s mis-step.

This universe is a rough universe. It is a terrible and deadly universe. Only the strong survive it, only the ruthless can own it. Given one weak spot a being cannot long endure it for this universe will search it out and enlarge it and fester and probe it until that weak spot is a festering wound so large that the being is engulfed by his own sores.

Fighting this battle for survival, and fight it he must, a being in the MEST universe cannot seem to afford decency or charity or ethics; he cannot afford any weakness, any mercy. The moment he does he is lost—for he is surrounded by chilled, coarse rock and molten energy which, no matter the state of aberration of his social surroundings, will engulf him instantly that he ceases to obey the very least laws of MEST.

This is a universe of force. It is not a universe of reason. Brutal, unthinking, without decency or mercy, MEST force awaits with punishment any being with any weakness.

The universe is not as bad as Hubbard makes it sound. Hubbard is focused on fighting the anomalies rather than resolving them. He does not see the resolution because he is fixated on the survival of the individuality, and, therefore, he cannot conceive of the cooperation resulting from the oneness of viewpoints.

The possession of a MEST body is a liability for through that body the being can be given pain, can be regimented by the routine demands of eating and care from harm until at the very, very highest he can be but a puppet dancing to the spin of some unthinking planet under the strong glare of a remote and careless sun. Under these conditions a being burdened with care and liability of a body, made uncertain by an unknowingness, bows to strange and non-existent gods, resorts to terrible make-shifts in lieu of justice,- cringes before the mightier bomb, the sharper blade.

You have examined an engram. A standard engram is simply the collision of the body with the MEST universe with sufficient impact to produce the confusion of attention known as “unconsciousness.’

Should you care to make a test, just run “care of the body” as a total therapy. You will discover that by running out the postulates of a preclear about his body and its care and his injunctions and insistences to others that they care for their bodies, you can produce soaring changes in tone. An entire book can be written concerning this therapy. An entire book has been written about it—the first in Dianetics. This therapy could be styled, “The efforts of a theta being to reconcile the frailty of a MEST body with the ethics of a theta being.” They do not reconcile, these two. Schopenhauer, Zeno and names without number in philosophy have been trying to make this reconciliation for aeons. One says, “Defeat it all and die, for only by dying can you defeat it.” Another says, “You can’t win; therefore, the only victory is in refusing to try to win.”

Hubbard is viewing body as a liability because his attention is fixated on the vulnerability of the body. The solution is simple. Take the attention off the body and operate as usual. If the body gets engrams, simply run them out.

Christianity and a million other -anities have struggled with this problem and the result is a pot-pourri of answers, none of which reconcile the problem. You have a soul—it goes off somewhere, you don’t know about it. You are a soul; you don’t know about it.

Today we live in a vast cult called “Worship the body”. Medical doctors, schoolteachers, parents, traffic officers, the whole society unites into this war-cry, “Care for the body.” This stems from the ignorance that the body is all that one has, that he will have just one body, that his total devotion is the care of that body.

A body is a vegetable. It is not even a sentient vegetable for it lacks perception in the whole theta range. Like any vegetable it grows from seed and has habit patterns which help it survive. And, like any vegetable, one way or another, it gets used by others.

Early theta beings saw MEST bodies acting and being as though they were self-motivated. This was a curiosity. The early theta being did not know that these MEST bodies depended wholly for their wits under the guidance of a decayed theta being. The bodies looked like entities of considerable force and skill. The theta beingness of them was hidden and unapparent. Thus, even theta beings have been fooled by MEST bodies.

It is true that there is fixation on bodies in the current societies and this is an anomaly on a social scale. But Hubbard has his own theory about it, which blames the body instead of correctly spotting the fixation.

A MEST body, whether it belongs to the race of Man or the race of ants is yet but an animated vegetable. Given a theta being to guide it, it becomes part of a composite such as Homo Sapiens: here we have a theta being, decayed into unknowingness, devoted to the care of a MEST body. The “I” of this body, the actual volition of it, all its wits and skills are theta things derived from the guidance of a theta being. By itself the body would live, walk around, react, sleep, kill, and direct an existence no better than that of a field mouse or a zombie. Put a theta being over it and it becomes possessed of ethics and morals and direction and goals and the ability to reason; it becomes this strange thing called Homo Sapiens, a being above animals and yet an animal.

Give this MEST body a psychotic theta being and you get a sort of Frankenstein’s monster. Give this MEST body a nearly unconscious theta being and you get a zombie.

The body is a carbon-oxygen engine which runs at 98.6° F. The theta being is the engineer running this engine in a Homo Sapiens. There is already an entity running this engine, the GE, but there is here only a total devotion to avoiding pain, seeking survival factors of the meanest sort, begetting new MEST bodies. Every cell in that body has its own theta, the GE is theta. A THETA BEING is something else entirely.

It is Hubbard’s assumption that a THETA BEING is something else entirely. This is not so. A theta being is to the mind what GE is to the body. Mind and body are extensions of each other, and so are theta being and GE. They are not two different systems. If the mind-body, or the theta being-GE, system is weak then it needs to be strengthened by resolving the anomalies in it.

In the first place, the theta being came into being without the need of a MEST body, without the need of motors. It is close to a perpetual motion picture machine in that it can create energy and impulses. It thinks without facsimiles, it can act without experience, it can know simply by being. When we have talked of optimum performance in Dianetics or Scientology, we have talked about the actual top-level capabilities of the theta being, not the capabilities of the MEST being. Early work in Dianetics treats of the composite called Homo Sapiens and treats that composite for what it is, an identity of several parts which act in greater or less coordination. You can go right on treating this composite being as a unit, you can go right on treating him and getting results for which, you will be praised. But you must know that you are not treating the actual identity when you treat the MEST body—you are furthering a composite and actually you are subscribing to the International Cult called “Care of the Body.”

Fixation on the body is something different. It is an anomaly that needs to be resolved. But mind-body, or theta being-GE, is a system, and not an anomaly. It must be treated as a single system.

You can, at your own choice, go on living with and processing this composite known as Homo Sapiens and create Homo Novis. You can use Dianetics to make hitherto impossible strides. But be advised that in this choice you are living with paradoxes which no philosopher in all the ages ever reconciled—the injustice of death, the depravity of human beings as in Plato, the penalty of assisting another, the impossibility of having good ARC and survival too, the liability of being kind and merciful and every “unanswerable” religious paradox known. You, by persisting in yesterday’s reality are persisting then in problems which have never been resolved with the factors accepted. You are demanding of a MEST-theta composite that he be self-determined when every zephyr from a hard universe contains death for him and can turn him like a top; you are demanding that he be “careful” when his only salvation is to be carefree, you are saddling him with all the unanswered riddles of an aberrated life in an aberrated world. And you are condemning a preclear to the dwindling spiral— for the theta being as part of the composite decays fast and soon dies forever in the rigid apathy of MEST.

Hubbard wants to achieve a certain ideal scene. There is nothing wrong with that ideal scene, but he seems to be pursuing a flawed reasoning toward some imaginary “solution.”

Thus, this data is given you. In lieu of this data the only thing which could be given Man is the answering salute to the gladiators—they who are about to die.

As an auditor, the choice is yours to make—the paradoxes or the answer. I would not give you this data unless it can be demonstrated on any preclear with ease. And I would not give it to you unless you needed it.

Here it is.

.

Comments: The Route to Rapid Results

Reference: A History of Man
Reference: CHAPTER THREE

Comments on CHAPTER THREE
The Route to Rapid Results

Chapter 3 maps out the optimum route that will allow the most rapid results on most cases.

It is important to start with a person in auditing by addressing his present life. One may audit present life incidents of infant and childhood illness and the incidents of degradation which precede these. One may also audit operations, accidents, illnesses, etc., only if they come up. It doesn’t take long to to clean up the present life in the normal case. Exceptions occur only when there are psychoses, and genetic level diseases, such as, cancer. In that case, one follows the route of prenatals, which addresses DNA programming.

The anomalies in the present life take priority, but the heavy incidents in the present lifetime have basics that stretch far back into the past. Better and faster results come from addressing those basics. When auditing a theta being, one is auditing sentient experience, such as, that of death and birth. Here one is directly addressing the misconceptions of the theta being.  This is much more productive.

Prenatal and birth experience may be audited only when they present themselves. 

.

DEFINITIONS

BETWEEN-LIVE
According to Hubbard, these are implants that are electronically embedded in a person’s psyche after his death but before his next birth. Such implant is intended to wipe out his memory and identity. However, this seems to point to the anomaly of a person’s confusion about his beingness. Please see The Definition of BEINGNESS, etc.

TECHNIQUE 80
Hubbard calls Technique 80 the “to be or not to be” technique which balances out the motivator, the overt act and the ded. It’s the anatomy of maybe. It becomes an entire subject of how to take apart maybe. How to get an indecision, how to get an involved grouped series of incidents apart. Any method which does this falls under the category of Technique 80.

For other Scientology words, please see: Technical Dictionary
For regular English words, please see: https://www.dictionary.com/ 

.

Physics II: Chapter 16

Reference: Beginning Physics II

Chapter 16: SPECIAL RELATIVITY

.

KEY WORD LIST

Relativity, Observer, Ether, Ether vs. Field, Michelson’s Experiment, Einstein’s Postulates, Simultaneity, Time Dilation, Length Contraction, Lorentz Transformation, Mass, Relativistic Mass, Energy, Total Energy, Spacetime, Spacetime Framework, Size of a Light Particle,

.

GLOSSARY

For details on the following concepts, please consult Chapter 16.

RELATIVITY
The velocity of a planet made of rock (v) is so small compared to the velocity of ephemeral light (c) that c appears not to vary at all even when compared with the largest variations in v. This fact underlies the theory of relativity. The final clarification by Einstein was that light is a physical wave and not a wave in some physical medium other than light. That was a great confusion that had dominated physics for over a century.

OBSERVER
The “observer” of Einstein may best be compared to a viewpoint that stands beyond the whole scale of motion. That is a scientific notion that lies at the interface of physics and metaphysics. Please see The Static Viewpoint.

ETHER
If there is anything like “ether” as the “medium of light,” then it would be a medium that underlies all physical substance and not just light. In other words, ether does not represent a definite inertial reference frame that lies somewhere on the scale of motion. In fact, ether represents the whole scale of motion. The ether has been incorporated in the concept of “observer” in Einstein’s theory of relativity. It is free to attach itself to any particle—either matter or light.

ETHER VS. FIELD
These two concepts are very different. Ether was postulated as the medium in which a wave of light was formed according to the wave theory. On the other hand, Field is conceived as the energy substance of light itself according to the quantum theory.

MICHELSON’S EXPERIMENT
Michelson and Morley tried to find changes in the velocity of light traveling along perpendicular paths at different times of the year and found no differences. They concluded that the velocity of light was always c for an observer on earth, no matter in which direction the observer was moving, or, in other words, all observers measure the same speed of light, c.

EINSTEIN’S POSTULATES
Einstein made two postulates: first, that the laws of nature were identical for all inertial observers, as with Newton’s laws of mechanics; second, that there was no special medium, or “ether”, and that light waves traveled with the same speed in any direction in empty space as measured by all inertial observers. These included observers moving relative to each other while measuring the same light wave!

Here the observers are attached to Earth. So, we are measuring the speed of light relative to the speed of Earth. There is no way of knowing the speed of Earth in space. All we have is the speed of Earth relative to the Sun, which is something very different. It appears that the speed of “Earth in space” is infinitesimal compared to the speed of “light in space.” That is why Einstein’s postulates work.

SIMULTANEITY
Einstein argued that if all inertial observers measure the same light beam as traveling with velocity c, irrespective of their motion relative to each other, the simultaneity assumption does not prove out to be true. But this is only true because the speed of light is finite. An unattached observer, who is looking at the whole scale of motion simultaneously, will be able to see the differences in speeds, and explain simultaneity accordingly depending on distances. In other words, our perception is affected by the finite speed of light, but not intuition.

TIME DILATION
in Einstein’s theory, moving clocks run at a slower rate than stationary clocks, even if the clocks are identical. The time interval between successive “ticks” on the clock (its period) will be longer when observed by an observer, A, that sees the clock moving, than by an observer, B, at rest with respect to the clock. Thus, observer A will say that the moving clock runs slow compared with an identical clock that is not moving. In this case, V is much smaller than c.

Since c = wavelength/period, as wavelength increases the period shall increase too. This is time dilation. Therefore, increased speed is equivalent to increased wavelength of “energy substance in space.” When that substance is mass, we may say that increased speed “softens” the mass. This is like proton mass softening into electron mass in an atom.

Here the increased speed is not an increase in “relative speed.” It is an increase of speed “in space.” In other words, when we are looking at wavelengths, we are looking from the framework of spacetime, and not in some inertial frame.

The confusion comes from considering the time dilation in an inertial framework. No such confusion arises when one thinks in the spacetime framework.

LENGTH CONTRACTION
In Einstein’s theory length contracts in the direction of motion. Therefore, two observers approaching each other will each see lengths contract in the other’s framework. This is confusing because here one is dealing with relative velocities. Actual length contraction will depend on velocity in the spacetime framework and not due to relative speeds in the inertial framework.

In the spacetime framework length contraction appears as the condensation of energy substance, meaning the reduction in the wavelength. This condensation is accompanied by reduction in velocity in the spacetime framework.

LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION
The equations that relate space-time points in one inertial system to the other are called transformation equations. For Newtonian physics those transformation equations are called Galilean, while for Einstein’s relativity theory they must be different and are called Lorentz transformations. The Lorentz transformation equations are:

The inertial systems are limited to material domain only, which forms an extremely small window on the whole electromagnetic spectrum at the extreme upper end of it. In this window the velocity is an extremely small fraction of the speed of light. In other words, the Lorentz Transformations apply only when v << c, and not otherwise.

MASS
Non-relativistic mass, or the “rest mass” is inherent to the particle. This mass “softens up” (its wavelength increases) as the velocity of the particle increases in the Spacetime Framework. The rest mass of an electron is not as hard as the rest mass of a proton. It is “softened mass.”

RELATIVISTIC MASS
The “relativistic mass” is a representation of total energy of a particle. It includes the large kinetic energy of the particle. It also includes the potential, nuclear energy, etc., but they are relatively small. In measuring the very large kinetic energy, confusion arises when velocity measured in the inertial framework is more than the velocity of light. The actual velocities of particles are never greater than the velocity of light when measured in the spacetime framework. The relativistic mass (m) is related to actual mass (m0) as follows: m = γm0.

ENERGY
Energy has two different definitions:
(a) Energy as motion of mass = kinetic energy
(b) Energy as “softened mass” = the EM spectrum

TOTAL ENERGY
The total energy of a particle is essentially given by its relativistic mass. This is known as Einstein’s famous equation for the equivalence of mass and energy, E = mc2. All energy, including kinetic energy, is equivalent to mass. Therefore, whenever the energy of a particle is increased, its mass increases.

SPACETIME
Einstein gives us a mathematical definition of spacetime. However, we may form a tangible definition of spacetime as follows: Spacetime is not nothing. Space implies extents and time implies duration. Therefore, spacetime implies “something” with extents and duration. We call that “something” to be the fundamental substance that produces the whole electromagnetic spectrum as it condenses. At the upper end of this spectrum, we have matter.

SPACETIME FRAMEWORK
Spacetime framework views the whole scale of motion from a detached viewpoint, whereas the inertial framework looks at motion from the upper end of the electromagnetic spectrum, which represents the viewpoint of matter.

SIZE OF A LIGHT PARTICLE
The size of a light particle is roughly given by its wavelength. The size of a material particle may be measured by its de Broglie wavelength. The size of a light particle is very, very large compared to the size of a material particle. A light particle is at least c times bigger than the material particle.

.