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Reference: SC: Psychology

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19th century

1800s

• c. 1800 – Franz Joseph Gall developed cranioscopy, the measurement of the skull to determine psychological characteristics, which was later renamed phrenology; it is now discredited.
• 1807 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel published Phenomenology of Spirit (Mind), which describes his thesis-antithesis-synthesis dialectical method, according to which knowledge pushes forwards to greater certainty, and ultimately towards knowledge of the noumenal world.
• 1808 – Johann Christian Reil coined the term “psychiatry”.

1810s

• 1812 – Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind,^[24] the first American textbook on psychiatry.^[25]

1820s

• 1829 – John Stuart Mill‘s father James Mill published Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (2 vols.).^[26]

1840s

• 1840 – Frederick Augustus Rauch (1806–1841) published Psychology, or a View of the Human Soul, including Anthropology
• 1843 – Forbes Benignus Winslow (1810–1874) published The Plea of Insanity in Criminal Cases, helping establish the plea of insanity in criminal cases in Britain.
• 1844 – Søren Kierkegaard The Concept of Anxiety, the first exposition on anxiety.
• 1848 – Vermont railroad worker Phineas Gage had a 3-foot rod driven through his brain and jaw in an explosives accident, permanently changing his personality, revolutionizing scientific opinion about brain functions being localizable.
• 1849 – Søren Kierkegaard published The Sickness Unto Death.

1850s

• 1852 – Hermann Lotze published Medical Psychology or Physiology of the Soul.
• 1856 – Hermann Lotze began publishing his 3-volume magnum opus Mikrokosmos (1856–64), arguing that natural laws of inanimate objects apply to human minds and bodies but have the function of enabling us to aim for the values set by the deity, thus making room for aesthetics.
• 1859 – Pierre Briquet published Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L’Hysterie.

1860s

• 1860s – Franciscus Donders first used human reaction time to infer differences in cognitive processing.
• 1860 – Gustav Theodor Fechner published Elements of Psychophysics, founding the subject of psychophysics.
• 1861 – Paul Broca discovered an area in the left cerebral hemisphere that is important for speech production, now known as Broca’s area, founding neuropsychology.
• 1869 – Francis Galton published Hereditary Genius, arguing for eugenics. He went on to found psychometrics, differential psychology, and the lexical hypothesis of personality.

1870s

• 1872 – Douglas Spalding published his discovery of psychological imprinting.
• 1874 – Wilhelm Wundt published Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of Physiological Psychology), the first textbook of experimental psychology.
• 1878 – G. Stanley Hall was awarded the first PhD on a psychological topic from Harvard (in philosophy).
• 1879 – Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

1880s

• 1882 – The Society for Psychical Research was founded in England.
• 1883 – G. Stanley Hall opened the first American experimental psychology research laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.
• 1883 – Emil Kraepelin published Compendium der Psychiatrie.
• 1884 – Ivan Pavlov began studying the digestive secretion of animals.
• 1884 – Tourette’s Syndrome was first described.
• 1885 – Hermann Ebbinghaus published Über das Gedächtnis (On Memory), a groundbreaking work based on self-experiments, first describing the learning curve, forgetting curve, and spacing effect.
• 1886 – John Dewey published the first American textbook on psychology, titled Psychology.
• 1886 – Vladimir Bekhterev established the first laboratory of experimental psychology in Russia at Kazan University.
• 1886 – Sigmund Freud began private practice in Vienna.
• 1887 – Georg Elias Müller opened the 2nd German experimental psychology research laboratory in Göttingen.
• 1887 – George Trumbull Ladd (Yale) published Elements of Physiological Psychology, the first American textbook to include a substantial amount of information on the new experimental form of the discipline.
• 1887 – James McKeen Cattell founded an experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, the 3rd in the United States.
• 1887 – G. Stanley Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology with a $500 contribution supplied by Robert Pearsall Smith of the American Society for Psychical Research.
• 1888 – William Lowe Bryan founded the United States’ 4th experimental psychology laboratory at Indiana University.
• 1888 – Joseph Jastrow founded the United States’ 5th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
• 1888 – G. Stanley Hall left Johns Hopkins for the presidency of the newly founded Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts
• 1889 – James Mark Baldwin published the first volume of his Handbook of Psychology, titled “Sense and Intellect”.
• 1889 – Edmund Sanford, a former student of G. Stanley Hall founded the United States’ 6th experimental psychology laboratory at Clark University.
• 1889 – Edward Cowles founded the United States’ 7th experimental psychology laboratory at the McLean Asylum in Waverley, Massachusetts
• 1889 – Harry Kirke Wolfe founded the United States’ 8th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Nebraska.

1890s

• 1890 – Christian von Ehrenfels published On the Qualities of Form, founding Gestalt psychology.
• 1890 – William James published The Principles of Psychology.
• 1890 – James Hayden Tufts founded the United States’ 9th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Michigan.
• 1890 – G. T. W. Patrick founded the United States’ 10th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Iowa.
• 1890 – James McKeen Cattell left Pennsylvania for Columbia University where he founded the United States’ 11th experimental psychology laboratory.
• 1890 – James Mark Baldwin founded the first permanent experimental psychology laboratory in the British Empire at the University of Toronto.
• 1891 – Frank Angell founded the United States’ 12th experimental psychology laboratory at the Cornell University.
• 1891 – Edvard Westermarck described the Westermarck effect, where people raised early in life in close domestic proximity later become desensitized to close sexual attraction, raising theories about the incest taboo.
• 1892 – G. Stanley Hall et al. founded the American Psychological Association (APA).
• 1892 – Edward Bradford Titchener took a professorship at Cornell University, replacing Frank Angell who left for Stanford University.
• 1892 – Edward Wheeler Scripture founded the experimental psychology laboratory at Yale University, the 19th in United States.
• 1892–1893 – Charles A. Strong opened the experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Chicago, the 20th in the United States, at which James Rowland Angell conducted the first experiments of functionalism in 1896.
• 1894 – Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to be granted a PhD in Psychology after she studied under E. B. Titchener at Cornell University.
• 1894 – James McKeen Cattell and James Mark Baldwin founded the Psychological Review to compete with Hall‘s American Journal of Psychology.
• 1895 – Gustave Le Bon published The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind.
• 1896 – John Dewey published the paper The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology,^[27] founding functionalism.
• 1896 – The first psychological clinic was opened at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer; although often celebrated as marking the birth of clinical psychology, it was focused primarily on educational matters.
• 1896 – Edward B. Titchener, student of Wilhelm Wundt and originator of the terms “structuralism” and “functionalism” published An Outline of Psychology.
• 1897 – Havelock Ellis published Sexual Inversion.
• 1898 – Boris Sidis published The Psychology of Suggestion: A Research into the Subconscious Nature of Man and Society.
• 1899 – On 4 November Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung), marking the beginning of psychoanalysis, which attempts to deal with the Oedipal complex.

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