Please see PM Chapter 9: Inertia & Gravity.
Reference: Essays on Substance
The Gravity
Newton interpreted gravity as an innate force that acted at a distance. However, he was at a loss to explain how force acted so. Faraday theorized that such a action occurred through lines of force, which later developed into the idea of fields.
Einstein interpreted gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. To him, spacetime was a mathematical abstraction. Massive objects warped the fabric of spacetime, creating paths along which matter moved. This curvature was gravity.
The Theory of Substance defines substance having inherent properties of consistency (thickness) and motion. Consistency and motion have inverse relationship. They balance each other such that a body has a constant speed. The velocity of light is finite and constant because its motion is balanced by its consistency.
Thus, a system of two or more bodies always forms a dynamic configuration such that their consistencies and motion are in equilibrium at all times. For example, the Sun, all its planets and their moons are dynamically aligned in such a way that their consistencies and motions are in equilibrium.
The theory of substance does not see gravity as a force. Instead, it sees gravity as the natural tendency of a system to dynamically arrange itself such that there is an equilibrium among all the consistencies and motions involved.
We see the manifestation of gravity in the dynamic configurations of the galaxies, the planetary systems, and the atoms, including their internal structure.
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Reference: Postulate Mechanics
The Inertia
INERTIA is the resistance that is felt when something is pushed. If something offers no resistance then there can be no push either. Therefore, for force to be manifested there must be inertia opposing it. Both force and inertia are the manifestation of the consistency of substance.
When the force upon an object and its inertia are in exact balance, there exists a uniform state of motion, or rest, in which there is no acceleration. The fact that the speed of light is constant means that it has inertia that is balancing any electromagnetic force acting upon it. If there is no inertia, the speed shall be infinite.
A body with infinite consistency shall have infinite inertia and it would not be displaceable from its location. We may assign it zero absolute motion. As the consistency reduces, the inertia also reduces and some displacement would become possible. This shall bring about a configuration similar to that of a rotating galaxy. We can thus show an inverse relationship between consistency and absolute motion.
When an object is accelerated to a higher speed with the application of an external force, and the external force is removed; then the inertia of the object will start acting to bring the object back to its original balanced speed. If the inertia is also reduced in the process, then the higher speed shall be maintained.
Both Force and Inertia are manifestations of consistency.
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Reference: The Book of Physics
Mass is the key property of matter, that is directly linked to its weight. Mass reflects the consistency of matter.
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Definition of MASS
The substantialness of matter is called mass. The mass of matter allows it to be divided into very small particles. A material object, regardless of its size, can be treated mathematically as if all its mass is concentrated at a point. We call this point the “center-of-mass.”
The “center-of-mass” allows a material object to be treated as a point particle in most mathematical visualizations. This property is peculiar to matter, and it does not exist for other forms of substance, such as, energy and thought.
In case of matter, mass represents its consistency. According to The Motion, the intrinsic motion of substance is related to its consistency. Therefore, an object has a natural motion in free space that depends on its mass. Even the slightest change in the mass changes this motion. Therefore, we observe relative motion among objects, such as the planets, due to differences in their mass.
The rest mass of an object is measured, when it is moving naturally in free space, or when it is at rest relative to the observer.
The term ‘relativistic mass’ was invented to convey the idea that it is harder to push a moving object, as you have to be moving faster than the object to push it. It is a misconception that a particle’s mass gets bigger as it speeds up.
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Notes
The mass of an object is the total of the masses of its molecules. The mass of a molecule is the total of the masses of its atoms. The mass of an atom is the total of the masses of neutrons, protons and electrons that constitute it. Therefore, when we talk about the total mass of an object, it is the sum of the mass of all the particles that constitute that object. The mass of individual particles differ as follows:
Mass of neutron = 1.675 × 10−27 kg
Mass of proton = 1.673 × 10−27 kg
Mass of electron = 9.109×10−31 kg
Very small differences in the mass of an object are capable of producing significant relative motion in free space. This property of mass may provide some clue to the nature of gravity.
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Key Misconception
The key misconception in Newtonian mechanics is that an object is not seen as having a natural motion in free space as a function of its mass.
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More Misconceptions
You may discover more misconceptions on your own, if you contemplate on each sentence of the above definition with mindfulness. Please see:
The 12 Aspects of Mindfulness
Or, you may end up improving upon this definition.
Good luck!
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Reference: Postulate Mechanics
The Anomaly
An anomaly is a violation of reality. It is characterized by
- Discontinuity (missing data)
- Inconsistency (contradictory data)
- Disharmony (arbitrary data).
The violation of reality appears in the form of disagreements. There are two different realities and the bridge between them is missing. There are contradictions and disharmonies. In this situation, the anomalies must be recognized, isolated and listed precisely, and then addressed one by one.
Such anomalies commonly exist in one’s observations and reasoning; but they may go as far back as being part of one’s viewpoint and even postulates. Those basic anomalies can distort one’s observation and train of logic. They come about when the postulates did not get updated to account for new sensations. In other words, the new experience did not get fully assimilated.
Such anomalies generate aberrations in one’s perception, judgment and behavior. When a person is not responding appropriately to a situation, he is suffering from some anomaly in his thinking. This is handled by looking more closely at the inappropriateness of all his reactions according to the broad reality, and then narrowing them down to specific triggers. And then looking for possible experiences that were not fully assimilated.
When one spots the right anomaly, it resolves easily. The reality becomes clearer and one realizes what was happening.
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