Space (Wikipedia) (old)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceSpace
Reference: Disturbance Theory

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Parts from Wikipedia article are quoted in black. My comments follow in bold color italics.

Space – Wikipedia

Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical universe. However, disagreement continues between philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.

The above is an incomplete definition of space. This word “boundless” makes it a mathematical abstraction. Real space always describes the dimensional extent of something. If that something is not identified, then you do not have a complete description of space.

Our sense of space comes from the dimension of material objects. We assume space to be as rigid as these objects, but that doesn’t seem to go with reality. The above paragraph seems to admit to this incompleteness of definition.

Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity; namely, to treatises like the Timaeus of Plato, or Socrates in his reflections on what the Greeks called khôra (i.e. “space”), or in the Physics of Aristotle (Book IV, Delta) in the definition of topos (i.e. place), or in the later “geometrical conception of place” as “space qua extension” in the Discourse on Place (Qawl fi al-Makan) of the 11th-century Arab polymath Alhazen. Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in the Renaissance and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of classical mechanics. In Isaac Newton’s view, space was absolute—in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the space. Other natural philosophers, notably Gottfried Leibniz, thought instead that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their distance and direction from one another. In the 18th century, the philosopher and theologian George Berkeley attempted to refute the “visibility of spatial depth” in his Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision. Later, the metaphysician Immanuel Kant said that the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all experiences. Kant referred to the experience of “space” in his Critique of Pure Reason as being a subjective “pure a priori form of intuition”.

The reason the complete definition of space could not be discovered until now is because of the hidden reality of FIELD.  The existence of field was not known until it was discovered through extensive experimental observations made of the electromagnetic phenomena by Faraday. The space out there represents the dimensions of field. Field is the fundamental substance that fills the emptiness.

In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are non-Euclidean, in which space is conceived as curved, rather than flat. According to Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space.

The conceptualization of space has mostly been philosophical and mathematical. Assumptions about space have been slowly discovered over time as in non-Euclidian geometry and general relativity. Now it will take a study of field to get a better understanding of space.

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October 31, 2017 – 7:26 PM Categories: P-Postulates | Comments (1)

Energy and Cycle

All-sky illustration of all Hubble observations as of 27 June 20

Reference: Disturbance Theory

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The characteristic of the field is “continual change”, which manifests itself in the form of endless CYCLES. Each cycle is an oscillation between electric and magnetic states. This oscillation is the source of quantization of ENERGY. Energy is the active substance that appears in all interactions and builds all phenomena including matter.

Field consists of cycles of ENERGY.

Each cycle has the same amount of energy. A cycle thus represents the ultimate unit of energy. The quantitative value of this unit is the Planck’s constant ‘h’, which is a universal constant.

A CYCLE represents a unit of energy.

The rate of recurrence of cycles is called FREQUENCY. As frequency increases, there are more cycles in a measured interval. So the density of cycles increases with frequency. Energy becomes more focused and substantial with increase in frequency. This can be shown by the  relationship

E = hf,

where E is energy, f is frequency, and h is the Planck’s constant.

 

Energy builds up with cycles. These cycles organize themselves in different phenomena. Energy can  be converted from one type of phenomenon to another. Such a conversion seems to conserve the cycles of energy. Thus comes about the law of Conservation of Energy.

Energy appears to conserve itself as the total number of cycles in the universe.

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October 31, 2017 – 3:18 PM Categories: P-Postulates | Post a comment

Arts and Maths

Arts and Maths

Math and Arts are two very different subjects that lie at the opposite ends of a spectrum of “Expression of Life”. We express life in many different ways to explore and understand all different aspects of it. In my view, Arts is much more complex than Math. What is being expressed through music, theater and drama is millions of times more complicated than the expression of simple rules through arithmetic, algebra and geometry.

Mathematics is like trying to understand the dimensions of Arts in its atomic simplicity. A person who has mastered mathematics can truly appreciate Arts to its deepest dimensions. What an artist does intuitively, he can do it with much greater understanding and mastery, once he has understood mathematics.

We talk about being left-brained or right-brained… we talk about being analytical or intuitive… but these “opposites” are part of the same spectrum of understanding. Therefore, it is very possible that we can be both left and right brained, or both analytical and intuitive.

If you are an artist, just check out mathematics. You have some revelations coming your way.

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October 31, 2017 – 8:07 AM Categories: Education | Post a comment

Inertia and Field

elec_mag_field

Reference: Disturbance Theory

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The field maintains itself through continual change. This property of maintaining a status quo is called INERTIA. Inertia was first observed by Newton in the context of matter.

Newton defined inertia in his book “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica” as follows:

The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to preserve its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a straight line.

The reality of field was not known at the time of Newton. Now we know that field is a substance more fundamental than matter. So the concept of inertia may now be extended to the electromagnetic field.

The electromagnetic field must form itself continually in each cycle in order to exist Permittivity (ε) is the measure of resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a particular medium. Permeability (μ) is a measure of how easily a magnetic field can pass through a medium.

The electromagnetic field forms in an empty background. For this formation the permittivity is ε0, and the permeability is μ0. Therefore, this formation faces a resistance equal to (μ0ε0). This resistance is a form of inertia.

The speed of light in the empty background is, c = 3 x 108 meters per second. This rate of propagation is finite because the formation of each cycle of light faces a finite resistance. If there were no resistance the speed of light shall be infinite.

There is relationship between the resistance to formation and the rate of propagation of light. This relationship is:

c = 1/√(μ0ε0)

The resistance “μ0ε0”represents the inertia of the electromagnetic field in the empty background. The units of “μ0ε0” are s2/m2.

Inertia, therefore, is an aspect of the very formation of substance.

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October 31, 2017 – 7:47 AM Categories: Physics | Comments (3)

Comments on Inertia

inertia-coin-tumbler-experiment

Reference: Disturbance Theory

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Inertia – Wikipedia

Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion. This includes changes to the object’s speed, direction, or state of rest.

In Newton’s time all physical objects were considered to be composed of matter. The knowledge of field as a physical substance came later. Therefore, the definition of inertia may be broadened as follows: “Inertia is the resistance of any physical substance to any change in its state of motion”.

Inertia is also defined as the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant velocity. The principle of inertia is one of the fundamental principles in classical physics that are still used to describe the motion of objects and how they are affected by the applied forces on them.

If an object is not accelerating, it is not really moving relative to itself. Its constant velocity is fictitious because it is determined by the inertial frame of reference, which can be selected arbitrarily. So the object is pretty much where it is. The inertia resists any effort to move the physical object relative to itself.

Inertia comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning idle, sluggish. Inertia is one of the primary manifestations of mass, which is a quantitative property of physical systems. Isaac Newton defined inertia as his first law in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which states:

“The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to preserve its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a straight line.”

There is no difference between the state of rest and the state of moving uniformly except for a different inertial frame of reference in use.

In common usage, the term “inertia” may refer to an object’s “amount of resistance to change in velocity” (which is quantified by its mass), or sometimes to its momentum, depending on the context. The term “inertia” is more properly understood as shorthand for “the principle of inertia” as described by Newton in his First Law of Motion: an object not subject to any net external force moves at a constant velocity. Thus, an object will continue moving at its current velocity until some force causes its speed or direction to change.

Inertia is the property of substance of which physical objects are made. Since Newton’s time, field has been discovered as more basic physical substance. Therefore, the property of inertia applies equally to the field. It is the frequency of field that represents its “state of motion”.

On the surface of the Earth, inertia is often masked by the effects of friction and air resistance, both of which tend to decrease the speed of moving objects (commonly to the point of rest), and gravity. This misled the philosopher Aristotle to believe that objects would move only as long as force was applied to them:

“…it [body] stops when the force which is pushing the travelling object has no longer power to push it along…”

The motion worth considering with respect to inertia is acceleration and not the uniform motion.

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October 29, 2017 – 4:57 PM Categories: Science | Post a comment