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Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

Planets in our solar system move around the Sun on their own, without being pushed. Similarly, the electronic field swirls around the nucleus on its own; and so does light that travels at a tremendous speed in a straight line. 

All these are instances of intrinsic motion. This is a natural property of substance. Intrinsic motion is visible in an environment where no friction and other external forces are present.

It is a misconception that substance has no intrinsic motion.

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Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s three laws of motion apply to matter of fixed mass only. These laws may be stated as follows:

(1) “Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.”

(2) “The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed.”

(3) “To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.”

Newton’s laws do not take into account any variations in mass. The variation in mass corresponding to the range of motion of matter is infinitesimal and cannot be measured.

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Inertia

Newton attributes to matter an “innate force” that makes each body persist in its state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion, yet he explicitly denies any active internal principle that can generate new motion without external forces. Newton thus introduces “vis insita, or innate force of matter” as a power of resisting changes of motion. This is what we now call inertia, codified in the First Law of Motion.

According to Newton, if a body is accelerated by an external force to a higher velocity, then the body shall continue to move at that higher velocity even after the external force is removed. The removal of force shall not change the higher velocity, which shall be maintained due to inertia.

This is like saying that if a spring is compressed by putting load on it, then the spring shall remain compressed even after that load is removed. There seems to be something missing in this picture of inertia. 

For Newton, motion is explained by the interplay of inertia and forces in absolute space and time, codified in his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. According to Newton, motion does not need a continuing cause; only changes in motion do.

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The Fourth Law

But Newton was not aware of the motion inside an atom, which is intrinsic to it. That motion is not being generated by some external force. From the center of the atom to its periphery, the volume increases, and with that increase in volume the mass thins out, and the intrinsic motion increases. There is some law hidden here that relates the mass of substance to its motion. The motion relates to the extents of that substance. If Newton had known this he could have come up with the following fourth law of motion:

(4) “There is a dynamic equilibrium between mass of substance and its motion in space. As mass decreases the motion in space increase.”

There is a lot packed in this fourth law. It seems to define the mass (thickness), and intrinsic motion (space) of substance in terms of each other. There appears to be an inverse relationship between mass on one hand and motion on the other. This relationship is maintained dynamically.

This means that an external force may temporarily disturb the equilibrium of mass and motion of the substance, but when that force is removed, the equilibrium shall return. If Newton’s inertia resists the change in motion caused by an external force, then it should also restore the original motion after the external force is removed. If a body is accelerated to a higher velocity by an external force, then, upon removal of that force, the body must return to its previous velocity, provided the body has not changed.

In other words, inertia is not just a one way street. If it resists an increase in motion by an external force, then it also restores the motion after the force is removed. 

It is a misconception to think of inertia only as a resistance to change in motion of a body. Inertia also acts to restore intrinsic motion whenever it is changed.

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Motion

Motion needs to be redefined under the fourth law:

Motion has to do with thickness and volume of substance. Motion is continuous yet finite like the surface of a sphere. Therefore, it must repeat. This relates motion to space and time and gives it a cyclic nature. As volume decreases, the cycles increase and the substance becomes thick and increasingly centered. It then takes force to change that centeredness of motion. That resistance is called inertia. When that centeredness of motion is disturbed by an external force, it is restored when the external force is removed.

Nucleus of an atom has very small surface; motion is highly cyclic motion and centered; inertia is very high. In comparison, an electron has as much larger surface (equal to that of a hydrogen atom); motion is less cyclic and centered; inertia is much lower. Light has an extremely large surface; motion is low in cycles and centeredness; inertia is infinitesimal. 

In a galaxy, the central black hole is extremely dense. As the distance from the black hole increases, the average thickness of the galactic bodies decreases and their motion increases. The galactic bodies appear to rotate around the black hole. 

The velocity is low when highly centered and very high when not centered at all. Thus, velocity of substance depends on its thickness. The thickness of substance is difficult to change; therefore, motion of substance has a tendency to be restored after it is disturbed.

It is a misconception to think of motion limited to the velocity of a body or a particle. Motion is also occurring within the body or particle. 

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Considerations

The major concepts introduced in Chapter 8 is INERTIA. This concept is defined in Glossary: Postulate Mechanics.

1. Substance has intrinsic motion. 
2. Intrinsic motion varies inversely with thickness of substance.
3. Newton’s laws of motion apply to matter of fixed mass.
4. Motion of matter may vary with infinitesimal change of mass.
5. When the mass does not change, any change in motion is restored.

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Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

Ours is a knowable universe because we can come to know it by sensing it. We are also a part of this universe because we can sense and come to know ourselves. 

If we are a part of this universe then how did the fundamental postulates of this universe come about?

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The Postulates

How the fundamental postulates of this universe came about can only be answered as follows:

1. The universe created itself, or
2. The universe has always been there.

These are possible postulates that attempt to explain the unknowable.

We come across the “religious” belief that God created this universe. However, God happens to be a part of the knowable universe, because God is knowable. This essentially means that the universe created itself. This is a variation of the first postulate above.

The answer from Kantian philosophy is that the ingredients of this universe exist as “thing in itself” independently of human perception, sensation, or sensory experience. This answer reduces to the second postulate above that the universe has always been there.

Phenomenology says, “What is sensed is the thing itself as experienced, not an inner proxy, but precisely as given in intuition—within limits.” This also reduces to the second postulate above.

Science says, “Sensations are effects of an underlying mind‑independent physical universe whose structure we infer.” This also reduces to the second postulate above.

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The Fundamental Postulate

For the universe to create itself, there must have been an earlier version of the universe. God could be an earlier version that transformed itself into the current universe. This adds the idea of a cyclic universe; but essentially it is also a variation of the second postulate above.

We may conclude,

The basis for the universe has always been there. How it was created initially is unknowable.

The Vedas assert rightly that the universe has neither a beginning nor an end.

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The Knowable Universe

The basis of the universe is made up of certain postulates. The postulates provide meaning in the form of sensations. The outcome of the sensations is the knowable universe.

So, the postulates that make up the SELF are the same that make up the UNIVERSE.

In the ancient Vedic religions, such as, Hinduism, the Nirākār Brahman uses Māyā to arise as Sākār Brahman. The Nirākār Brahman is considered to be a reality without attributes. Māyā is considered to be the process that generates attributes. And Sākār Brahman is considered to be the reality with attributes. We may say that the Nirākār Brahman is “unknowable,” Maya represents the basic “postulates.” Sākār Brahman is the outcome as the knowable “universe.”

Thus, the Postulate Mechanics parallels the Vedic religions.

In Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) God is postulated as the source of all creation. God is then assigned the attribute of omniscient (all-knowing) among others. But God itself is presented as a mystery. Here God is something that needs to be unpacked and understood.

We come to the conclusion that,

The basis of the universe are certain postulates that give meaning to the universe in the form of sensations.

These postulates are inherent to the universe and also to us. So, the postulates that make up the universe are the same that make up the SELF. The self then assimilates the sensations to perceive the universe.

As sensations may assimilate differently from person to person, different perceptions and concepts of the universe may arise.

We may not know the postulates, but our perceptions and concepts can help us trace back to discover the underlying postulates. As we discover the postulates we come to know both the universe and ourselves so clearly that all our aberrations drop away.

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Considerations

The major concepts introduced in Chapter 1 are CREATION, GOD, VEDIC RELIGIONS, and ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS. These concepts are defined in Glossary: Postulate Mechanics.

1. The basis of this universe is eternally present.
2. This basis is made up of certain postulates.
3. These postulates underlie the self as well.
4. These postulates provide meaning in the form of sensations.
5. The self assimilates sensations into perceptions and concepts.
6. Essentially, these are considerations that arise from postulates.

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Reference: Postulate Mechanics (PM)

Oneness may be compared to a state that is in equilibrium. When oneness is disturbed there is a natural effort to restore its equilibrium.

When something new is sensed, it may disturb the existing oneness of the mind. Assimilation is the effort to restore that oneness. Therefore, awareness is always accompanied by assimilation to maintain oneness.

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Oneness

In oneness there is a state of harmony among different elements. With such harmony, one finds a consistency where the elements overlap. As one looks more closely at the consistency, there appears a continuity at the boundaries where elements actually meet.

Thus, oneness equates to harmony, consistency and continuity among all elements in a context. The universe is described as, “all things combined into one.” That means,

There is a  harmony, consistency and continuity existing  among all elements of the universe in spite of its dynamic nature.

Oneness underlies in the harmony of all relations; in the consistency of all realities, and in the continuity of all dimensions.

When oneness exists the reality is very clear. But to the degree oneness is violated we have unreality.

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Knowingness

One encounters the superficiality of identification, when the deep awareness of oneness is not there, As awareness of oneness starts to develop, we have knowingness entering the picture.

The harmony, consistency and continuity of substantiality makes the confusion disappear and brings about the clarity of knowingness. This is the essence of oneness.

Knowingness that resolves all situations comes about with the awareness of oneness among all that is sensed.

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Anomalies

When the awareness of oneness is lacking, there are anomalies. Anomalies take the following forms:

(1) ARBITRARY DATA: Wherever there is disharmony, some arbitrary element is present. This is the case when a group of people says, “My God is the only true God. All other gods are false.” We look closely at the definition of God, this group is applying. We find their definition to be full of arbitrary ideas that are disconnected from reality.

(2) CONTRADICTORY DATA: Whenever something is inconsistent and does not make sense, there is contradictory data. This is the case when the president of a country insists that the country’s economy is booming; but most people in that country find their living conditions to be worsening. It is an indicator that something is not right.

(3) MISSING DATA: Wherever there is a discontinuity and gaps in reality, there is also missing data. This is the case when a justice department insists, “We have closed this case, because the person accountable has been prosecuted”; yet not all aspects of the case have been accounted for and many unanswered questions remain.

In general, all unrealities, confusions and sufferings in life contain anomalies. Such anomalies are a violation of oneness because they are primarily disharmonies, inconsistencies and discontinuities.

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Misconceptions

Underlying anomalies are misconceptions. These are things not understood, which then cause confusions.

In the subject of physics, there is no precise definition for SUBSTANCE. Substance is misconceived to be the same thing as matter. Therefore, radiation, such as light, is not recognized as substance, despite evidence presented by Einstein in his theory of Relativity.

The reason Physics cannot deal with spirituality is because the Scientific Method is not conceived properly. A physicist examines the experimental results for consistency with the physical universe because that is his criterion of truth. Spiritual phenomenon cannot be examined for consistency with the physical universe; therefore, physics ignores it. But when we accept Oneness as the criterion of truth, both physical and spiritual phenomena can be examined against it. This clarification expands the concept of the Scientific method.

Misconceptions can get deeply embedded in the mind when a child is not allowed to explore and appreciate things in his environment fully. His questions are ignored, and he is pushed into accepting things he did not quite assimilate and understand. These misconceptions then multiply as the child grows up.  This give rise to anomalies in his life.

The next chapter shall look at the resolution of misconceptions and anomalies.

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Considerations

The major concepts introduced in Chapter 5 are ANOMALY and MISCONCEPTION. These concepts are defined in Glossary: Postulate Mechanics.

1. Oneness is harmony, consistency and continuity of awareness.
2. A violation of oneness produces anomalies.
3. An anomaly is disharmony, inconsistency or discontinuity.
4. All unrealities, confusions and sufferings contain anomalies.
5. Underlying anomalies are misconceptions.

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