Vinaire's Blog

Planets in our solar system move around the Sun on their own, without being pushed. Similarly, the electronic field swirls around the nucleus on its own; and so does light, which travels at tremendous speed in a straight line.

All these are instances of intrinsic motion — a natural property of substance, visible in environments where no friction or external forces are present.

It is a misconception that substance has no intrinsic motion.

This law is post-quantum mechanics. Newton did not write it, but he may just as well have, had he been alive today.

.

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s three laws of motion apply to matter of fixed mass only:

(1) “Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.”

(2) “The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed.”

(3) “To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or, the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.”

Newton’s laws do not take into account any variations in mass. The variation in mass corresponding to the range of motion of matter is infinitesimal and cannot be measured.

.

The Fourth Law

Newton was not aware of the motion inside an atom, which is intrinsic to it — not generated by any external force. From the center of the atom to its periphery, volume increases, mass thins out, and intrinsic motion increases. There is a law hidden here that relates the mass of substance to its motion. If Newton had known this, he could have stated the following fourth law of motion:

(4) “There is a dynamic equilibrium between mass of substance and its motion in space. As mass decreases, the motion in space increases.”

This fourth law defines the mass (thickness) and intrinsic motion (space) of substance in terms of each other. There is an inverse relationship between mass and motion, maintained dynamically.

When a particle of matter is accelerated, its mass decreases. The decrease in mass is proportional to the increase in its speed. As speed increases from rest, the frequency of the particle decreases, and with it, the mass or thickness of the particle decreases proportionally. When the acceleration returns to zero and the particle returns to rest, its mass is restored. The change in mass is so small within inertial frames that it is ignored. The property that is fundamentally conserved is force — conserved in the form of angular momentum, as can be seen from the units of Planck’s constant. The constant of proportionality, when fully worked out, shall include Planck’s constant and would be extremely small.

An external force may temporarily disturb the equilibrium of mass and motion, but when that force is removed, equilibrium shall return.

.

Inertia

Newton attributes to matter an “innate force” — vis insita — that makes each body persist in its state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion, yet he explicitly denies any active internal principle capable of generating new motion without external forces. This is what we now call inertia, codified in the First Law of Motion.

According to Newton, if a body is accelerated by an external force to a higher velocity, it shall continue at that velocity even after the force is removed. This is like saying that if a spring is compressed by putting a load on it, it shall remain compressed even after the load is removed. Something is missing from this picture of inertia.

Inertia is the measure of thickness of substance per quantum. In the case of matter, inertia is mass per unit particle.

Inertia may therefore be compared across the full spectrum of substance in terms of “thickness per quantum,” or “mass per particle.” Total inertia is equivalent to the total mass of an object.

The Fourth Law completes the picture: if inertia resists an increase in motion caused by an external force, then it must also restore the original motion after that force is removed. Inertia is not a one-way street.

It is a misconception to think of inertia only as a resistance to change in motion. Inertia also acts to restore intrinsic motion whenever it is disturbed.

Upon acceleration, inertia converts to speed. This satisfies Faraday’s postulate of conservation of force. Once we have a practical and simpler way of converting inertia into speed — and speed back into inertia — we shall have the Inertial Drive long imagined in science fiction.

.

Motion

Motion has to do with the thickness and volume of substance. Motion is continuous yet finite, like the surface of a sphere, and therefore it must repeat. This gives motion a cyclic nature and relates it to space and time. As volume decreases, cycles increase, and the substance becomes thick and increasingly centered. It then takes force to change that centeredness of motion — the resistance is called inertia. When that centeredness is disturbed by an external force, it is restored when the force is removed.

The nucleus of an atom has a very small surface: motion is highly cyclic and centered, and inertia is very high. An electron has a much larger surface (equal to that of a hydrogen atom): motion has a lower frequency and it is less centered; therefore, inertia is much lower. Light has an extremely large surface: motion is very low in frequency and centeredness, and inertia is infinitesimal.

In a galaxy, the central black hole is extremely dense. As distance from the black hole increases, the average thickness of galactic bodies decreases and their motion increases. The galactic bodies appear to rotate around the black hole.

Velocity is low when substance is highly centered, and very high when it is not centered at all. The thickness of substance is difficult to change; therefore, motion has a tendency to be restored after it is disturbed.

It is a misconception to think of motion as limited to the velocity of a body or particle. Motion is also occurring within the body or particle.

.

Summary

1. Substance has intrinsic motion.
2. Intrinsic motion varies inversely with the thickness of substance.
3. Newton’s laws of motion apply to matter of fixed mass.
4. The mass of matter varies with acceleration, changing by an infinitesimal amount.
5. When the mass does not change permanently, any change in motion is restored.
6. Inertia is mass per unit particle — it resists changes in motion and also restores intrinsic motion after a disturbance.

.