Vinaire's Blog

Distinct Motions

With the analogy of a pool filled with water, there are two different kind of motions we are looking at.

1. Motion of the wave in the water
2. Motion of the whole pool of water.

Let’s consider a “particle” made of a material of certain consistency. Then we have two distinct motions:

1. Motion of the material within the particle.
2. Motion of the particle itself.

Motion type 1 is “continuous motion.” Motion type 2 is “discrete motion.”

When we are looking at the motion of a particle, we are looking at discrete motion. This is the kind of motion that Newton studied.

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Visualization of Motion

Newton visualized the motion of particles as the heavenly bodies moving in space. Here we have mass moving within an environment containing no mass. This is discrete motion. It would not be much different from neutrons moving in free space.

We find that discrete motion has to be relative because we are considering the speed of a particle relative to the speed of another particle. That is how Newton looked at all motion.

The speed of light was at first considered to be the motion of light corpuscles in the inertial frame of reference defined by Earth. It was, therefore, expected to be relative to the speed of Earth and other planets in the Solar system. When the Michelson-Morley experiment first determined that the speed of light was constant in different inertial frames, it came as a shock because it violated Newton’s relativity. In other words, it the speed of light was found to be independent of the motion of the observer against all expectations.

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The Speed of Light

Einstein then postulated the speed of light to be a universal constant. With the mathematics derived from this postulate Einstein was able to explain the anomaly observed in the orbit of planet Mercury. Einstein’s relativity essentially shifted the frame of reference from inertial mass to mass-less light.

Einstein also found that light was made of quanta, which was real, but he stopped short of calling light a substance. Like Newton, Einstein also looked at the motion of light corpuscles (as light quanta) relative to the motion of material particles assuming both to be point particles. Einstein’s mathematics was right but it was limited to the mathematical interpretation of light quantum as a point particle.

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The Particle

Light does not have mass, but it has momentum. This means that light has a mass-like consistency. Therefore, light is a substantial wave much like the wave of sound. The only difference is that light is not made of atoms.

Only those “particles” with center of mass may be conceptualized as point particles. Light does not have mass; and, therefore, it cannot be considered to be made of point particles.

The size of the particle shall be related to the wavelength of the material. The wavelength of the mass inside a neutron is extremely small. So, when we consider a neutron as a particle, we know it to be very small.

When we consider an electron to be a particle, we know its wavelength to be much larger than that of neutron. Compared to the size of the neutron, the electron would be about the size of a hydrogen atom.

When it comes to light, its particle is incredibly large. And, the particle of gravity may be as large as the universe.

So, in the case of light, we may visualize, the substance of light moving within the light particle, which would be continuous motion (motion type 1).

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Relative vs. Absolute Motion

Whereas, discrete motion is always relative, we find a different situation with respect to continuous motion. Here we are looking at the speed of substance to be determined by its own medium, and not relative to something external to it.

For example, the speed of sound is determined from the characteristics of its medium. In this sense, the speed of sound may be looked upon as absolute because it does not depend on the speed of the observer. Similarly, Maxwell could determine the speed of light from the permeability and permittivity of space. This proved the speed of light to be independent of the observer as well.

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The Substance

The consistency of substance arises as a result of repetitive motion. Therefore, we may postulate,

The consistency of substance is proportional to its repetitive motion.

The constant of proportionality will be a universal constant.

Let us assume the motion of an object to be represented by its speed.

We observe that the speed of matter is negligible compared to the speed of light, whereas, the consistency of light is negligible compared to the consistency of matter.

Therefore, mathematically, the speed of substance is inversely proportional to its consistency. In other words, the ratio of two different consistencies should be inverse of the ratio of corresponding speeds.

Let us assume the ratio of the speed of light to the speed of matter to be of the order of the speed of light, which is 3 x 10⁸.

We will then expect the ratio of consistency of matter to the consistency of light to be of the same order of magnitude,

We have related the consistency of substance to its frequency: See The Spectrum of Substance.

Let us assume the consistency of matter to be close to the consistency of neutron, which is 2^77.6 .

Let us take the consistency of light to be the average value of 2⁴⁹.

The desired ratio is 2^77.6 / 2⁴⁹ = 2^28.6 = 4 x 10⁸

This is of the same order of magnitude as the approximate ratio of the speeds of light and matter. This value is higher because the consistency of neutron is slightly higher than the average consistency of matter. Therefore, it is quite possible that the consistency and motion of substance are inversely proportional to each other.

This may be interpreted as follows:

Motion of 1 cycle within the light particle is equivalent to motion of the order of 10⁸ cycles in the neutron.

At the moment, this is merely a hypothesis. It needs to be examined more rigorously.

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Speed and Consistency

The above postulate has many possible consequences:

1. Every physical object has a natural speed in free space that depends on its consistency (mass).
2. When an object is accelerated from its natural speed with the application of an external force, its consistency decreases by an infinitesimal amount.
3. When the external force is removed, the acceleration of the object returns to zero. If the object now continues to move at the higher speed, its consistency also stays at the infinitesimally lower value.
4. If the consistency of the object returns to its original value, then its natural velocity shall also return to its original value.

The above anticipates the Higgs Mechanism.

Furthermore,

1. A physical object can never be accelerated to the speed of light without reducing its mass to consistency of light.

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Motion that is not cyclical is free and it has infinite range. This is represented by infinite speed as it is all over that range. On the other hand, cyclical motion means that the motion is repeating itself. The faster it repeats itself, the higher is its frequency.

This repetition puts a limitation on the freedom of motion. With increasing repetition the freedom becomes increasingly limited. This is represented by the speed of cyclical motion decreasing with increasing frequency. 

An example of cyclical motion is the oscillatory motion of a pendulum. When this pendulum moves while oscillating, the motion acquires the appearance of a wave that has a wavelength. The product of the frequency and wavelength gives a measure of its speed. The mathematical formulas for wave motion apply to the cyclical motion.

The cyclical motion means a certain fixedness because the same motion is repeating itself. As the frequency of this repetition increases it means that the motion is becoming more fixed. This fixedness appears as a consistency, which resists change.

This resistance to change is called inertia. The resistance (inertia) appears as force. This force can be felt. This is the basic nature of substance.

Underlying any substance there is force, and underlying that force is cyclical motion.

As the frequency of cyclical motion increases, it not only acquires increasing consistency, but it also acquires a curvature. This is because the range of free motion within a cycle is becoming smaller. We may say that the least cyclical motion represents the “surface” of the universe, which obviously has a curvature because it contains the universe. As one goes deeper into the universe, the motion becomes more consistent and substance-like. The overall picture of cyclical motion may appear somewhat like a “whirlpool.” This is what we see in the spiral shape of the galaxies. This we also see in the structure of atoms.

At the center of a whirlpool we have extremely dense and spinning motion. This anticipates black holes at the center of galaxies and nuclei at the center of the atoms.

The cyclical motion of a very large range, ultimately, condenses into a spinning motion of a very small range.

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Summary

Here we have the whole spectrum of substance created out of cyclical motion. As this cyclical motion increases in frequency, it gains consistency, inertia and substance. It acquires a curvature because of its narrowing range. We thus have a shrinking circumference. This gives it a look very similar to that of a whirlpool.

From the periphery of the atom to is nucleus, we have cyclical motion that is gradually increasing in consistency and shrinking in its circumference, ending up in a dense spinning nucleus at the center.

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Reference: Fundamentals of Physics

In classical mechanics, substance is recognized by its mass. But since Einstein’s 1905 paper on “light quanta,” substance has taken a wider significance. Light has force and momentum, therefore, it is substantial. Substance is anything that is substantial enough to be sensed.

Since term “mass” is recognized only in the context of matter, we need a broader term equivalent to it in the context of substance. Such a term is “consistency.” For example, light does not have mass, but it has consistency.

MASS represents “atomic substance” only. CONSISTENCY represents both atomic and non-atomic substance. When consistency is very high, as in the nucleus of an atom, it is recognized as mass.

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Consistency (Thickness)

The consistency of substance is defined as follows:

Consistency is the degree of substantiality of substance. It is recognized as density, firmness, or viscosity of the substance. For example, “Honey has higher consistency than water.” For radiant energy, consistency is measured per quanta, where quanta is determined by frequency. For matter, consistency is measured by the mass of its elementary particle, such as, proton or neutron, where the elementary particle is determined by its smallest discrete inertia. The quanta and the mass of elementary particle may be measured by the same unit. Thus, substance can have a gradient of consistencies.

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Measure of Consistency

The consistency may be measured in terms of doubling of frequency as follows:

Consistency (C) = log f / log 2

We may calculate the consistency of electromagnetic substance from its frequency. This may be listed as follows:

We may assume the consistency of matter to be very close to 77.6.

The planets and stars may also have consistencies close to 77.6. But we may calculate their “relative consistency” based on their momentum as follows

De Broglie Equation,       λ = h/p,

where h is Planck’s constant, and p is momentum of the object, which is made up of many particles.

Frequency:                      f = c/λ = (c/h) p = 4.528 x 10⁴¹ p

Total Consistency:         C_tot = (log f) / (log 2) = 138.4 + 3.322 log p

Thus, knowing the mass and velocity of Earth, we may calculate its total consistency as follows,

M_E = 5.972 x 10²⁴ kg, V_E = 3 x 10⁴ m/s, and  p = M_E V_E = 1.79 x 10²⁹

C_tot (Earth) = 138.4 + 3.322 log (1.79 x 10²⁹) = 235.6

Similarly, we may calculate, C_tot (Sun) = 256.6

In terms of relative consistencies, we may say,

C_rel (Earth) = 1

C_rel (Sun) = 1.089

This means that the Sun is a bit more fixed in space than the Earth.

The Black holes may have much higher consistencies. Their absolute consistency (consistency per particle) may be higher than the consistency of the neutron. As a result they are much more fixed in space. We may, therefore, expect to find the Black holes at the center of the galaxies.

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