Vinaire's Blog

Reference: Disturbance Theory

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Mass – Wikipedia

Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied. It also determines the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction to other bodies. The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).

Mass is the inertial property of matter [see Comments on Inertia]. It manifests in very high frequency regions of the field, where cycles are squeezed very tightly together. The greater is the mass the higher is the frequency gradient with respect to the surrounding field. This frequency gradient acts as force during interactions.

In physics, mass is not the same as weight, even though mass is often determined by measuring the object’s weight using a spring scale, rather than balance scale comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does on Earth because of the lower gravity, but it would still have the same mass. This is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that (along with gravity) determines the strength of this force.

Mass is the tightness of cycles at very high frequencies. Weight appears when the frequency gradient of mass interacts.

In Newtonian physics, mass can be generalized as the amount of matter in an object. However, at very high speeds, special relativity states that the kinetic energy of its motion becomes a significant additional source of mass. Thus, any stationary body having mass has an equivalent amount of energy, and all forms of energy resist acceleration by a force and have gravitational attraction. In modern physics, matter is not a fundamental concept because its definition has proven elusive.

Very high speeds are meaningless if the associated acceleration is zero. They have meaning only when there is acceleration or deceleration during interactions. This little fact modifies the theory of relativity.

There are several distinct phenomena which can be used to measure mass. Although some theorists have speculated that some of these phenomena could be independent of each other, current experiments have found no difference in results regardless of how it is measured:

• Inertial mass measures an object’s resistance to being accelerated by a force (represented by the relationship F = ma).

During acceleration, matter moves through the surrounding field. The interaction of its frequency gradient with the surrounding field appears as the “resistance” called inertia. This “resistance” is equal to the force generating the acceleration. The ratio of force to acceleration provides a measure of inertial mass.

• Active gravitational mass measures the gravitational force exerted by an object.

The gravitational force occurs between two material objects separated by field. This force is manifestation of the frequency gradients of masses with the surrounding field. Newton’s formula for gravitation then provides a measure of gravitational mass.

• Passive gravitational mass measures the gravitational force exerted on an object in a known gravitational field.

Gravitational force is essentially a measure of the frequency gradient between the mass region and the surrounding field.

The mass of an object determines its acceleration in the presence of an applied force. The inertia and the inertial mass describe the same properties of physical bodies at the qualitative and quantitative level respectively, by other words, the mass quantitatively describes the inertia. According to Newton’s second law of motion, if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a single force F, its acceleration a is given by F/m. A body’s mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field. If a first body of mass m_A is placed at a distance r (center of mass to center of mass) from a second body of mass m_B, each body is subject to an attractive force F_g = Gm_Am_B/r², where G = 6.67×10⁻¹¹ N kg⁻² m² is the “universal gravitational constant”. This is sometimes referred to as gravitational mass. Repeated experiments since the 17th century have demonstrated that inertial and gravitational mass are identical; since 1915, this observation has been entailed a priori in the equivalence principle of general relativity.

Mass exists in a region of the field because of the tightness of the very high frequency cycles. The frequency gradient of this mass with the surrounding low frequency field determines the force required to move it through the field. This is perceived as inertia.

There is definite relationship between two masses and the relative frequency gradient, which determines the gravitational force between them. The distance between them is part of that combined frequency gradient.

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Reference: Disturbance Theory

Space is the property of the extensions of a substance. In the absence of substance there are no extensions, and therefore, there is no space. The EMPTINESS (referenced earlier) is devoid of substance, and, therefore, it is also devoid of space.

Matter is the only substance we have known until recent past. We consider “space” to be those regions of the universe that are not by filled by matter. The nature of space has been a mystery.

“Empty space” is the region of the universe not filled by matter.

We see space occupied by matter to be three-dimensional, so we consider “empty space” to be three-dimensional. We see the space occupied by matter to be rigid, so we measure “empty space” as if it were rigid. But this has not been satisfactory.

There have been considerations since ancient times that “empty space” is filled by invisible matter called aether. Aether is no longer considered to be matter, but its actual nature is still disputed. At present, “empty space” seems to be defined mathematically only.

We consider “empty space” as if it is filled by some unknown substance.

It is true that “empty space” cannot exist in the absence of extensions defined by some substance. In mid-19^th century Michael Faraday, the great experimental researcher, proposed the idea of field to replace the notion of materialistic aether. This idea was supported by James Clerk Maxwell who went on to show mathematically that light was an example of this substance called field.

Faraday was the first to suggest that the “empty space” is actually the electromagnetic field.

However, the idea of field was opposed by scientists who believed in “action at a distance” because of the work done earlier by Newton. But as Faraday pointed out, Newton himself was not comfortable with the notion of “action at a distance” even though his mathematics seem to explain it.  However, this opposition persisted because the nature of gravitational attraction was not understood. In the early part of 20^th century, Einstein came up with the mathematics to explain gravity but its connection with the mathematics of electromagnetic field is still lacking.

The opposition to the idea of “field replacing aether” came from its lack of explanation for gravitational attraction.

However, it is pretty much established that “empty space” is a field, but the exact nature of that field is yet to be determined. The field is a more basic substance than matter. It has spatial dimensions. These spatial dimensions may be understood in terms of the extensions of its cycles.  The extension of a single cycle is called a WAVELENGTH.

The extensions of field are made up of wavelength of its cycles.

As frequency increases, more cycles occur within a measured interval. Thus cycles become denser and wavelengths shrink with increasing frequency. We may say that the extensions of field shrink and become increasingly “substantial” in areas where frequency is greater.

The wavelength of a cycle shrinks with increasing frequency.

We associate material characteristics with the characteristics of atom. An atom is made up of high frequency field that is rapidly increasing in frequency toward its center. The nucleus at the center of the atom has the highest frequency and the smallest wavelength. It has the characteristics of material.

The characteristic of matter is approached with increasing frequency and shrinking wavelength.

On the whole the wavelength of an atom is infinitesimal. It is so small that any fluctuations in its value are insignificant. Thus, it appears to be unchanging and absolute. it determines the character of the “space occupied” by matter. Thus it also seems to have absolute characteristics as “space”. This is the space of Newton.

The absolute space of Newton is essentially the field of infinitesimal wavelength that makes up matter.

The empty space right next to a material surface may carry a gradient of decreasing frequency and increasing wavelength because the way atoms are structured.  The wavelengths of field within an empty box may add up to the dimensions of the box, but they wouldn’t be distributed evenly within that box. Einstein’s theory of relativity talks about length contraction as an object approaches the velocity of light. This can now be better understood in terms of varying wavelength of the field.

The characteristic of “empty space” varies with wavelengths of field .

Field does not “occupy space”, as thought by many. Field’s extensions appear as space. Field is not a “condition in space”, as thought. Field is a disturbance in emptiness.

The background of sun, moon and stars should more properly be called field though we see it as “space”. The heavenly bodies are extremely dense regions of this field. They are not “matter in space”.

This universe is, therefore, made up of FIELD; and the background of this universe is EMPTINESS.

When we look at heavens, we are looking at the extensions of field among the stars and beyond.

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Reference: Disturbance Theory

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Energy – Wikipedia

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.

The fundamental unit of energy is the Planck’s constant ‘h’ that maps one cycle of back and forth conversion of electric and magnetic fields. Work is performed with the organization of these cycles into desired configurations. It appears that the number of these cycles does not increase or decrease; but they organize themselves in different ways. (See “Energy is not the ability to do work”)

Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object’s position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an object’s temperature.

A uniformly moving (non-accelerating) body has fictitious motion only, which depends on an external frame of reference. By choosing an appropriate frame of reference, that velocity can be shown as zero. Therefore the kinetic energy is not because of “uniform motion”. The “kinetic energy” appears only at the moment of impact due to change in velocity.

Potential energy does not exist when a body is under equilibrium of forces. The potential energy appears only when the equilibrium of forces is disturbed, and a background force comes into play. In all instances when energy appears, active forces are present.

Mass and energy are closely related. Due to mass–energy equivalence, any object that has mass when stationary (called rest mass) also has an equivalent amount of energy whose form is called rest energy (in that frame of reference), and any additional energy (of any form) acquired by the object above that rest energy will increase the object’s total mass just as it increases its total energy. For example, after heating an object, its increase in energy could be measured as a small increase in mass, with a sensitive enough scale.

Both matter and field are physical substances. Matter has mass; similarly field has energy. Each cycle of field has energy equal to Planck’s constant ‘h’. Mass may be looked upon as resulting from a condensation of such cycles.

Living organisms require available energy to stay alive, such as the energy humans get from food. Human civilization requires energy to function, which it gets from energy resources such as fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, or renewable energy. The processes of Earth’s climate and ecosystem are driven by the radiant energy Earth receives from the sun and the geothermal energy contained within the earth.

All different forms of energies are configured from the basic cycle of the field of energy ‘h’.

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