Category Archives: P-Postulates

The Problem of “Empty Space”

December 25, 2017 – 10:10 AM
Empty space

Reference: Disturbance Theory

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Space

We measure the gap between objects by estimating the sum of extensions of material objects that will fill that gap. We suppose space to be rigid like matter. Mathematically, we think of unbounded space. But this “unbounded space” is a mental visualization of a rigid box of infinite dimensions. Thus the concept of space derives from the observation of extensions of substance.

We have been visualizing substance as rigid matter. This consideration changes with the discovery of electromagnetic field as a more basic substance. Empty space is then the observation of extensions of  invisible electromagnetic field. This field was not known to Descartes when, based on the consistency of philosophic ideas, he boldly asserted that there is no empty space. If he were here today, he would have been highly satisfied with this evolution of substance.

Einstein’s concept of space [3] has mathematically postulated properties that are borrowed from matter as substance. We may instead borrow properties from electromagnetic field as more basic substance to get accurate concept of space. However, this raises the question about the extensions of electromagnetic field. How is the electromagnetic field bounded?

Einstein notes,

The drawing of attention to the vacuum in a mercury barometer has certainly disarmed the last of the Cartesians. But it is not to be denied that, even at this primitive stage, something unsatisfactory clings to the concept of space, or to space thought of as an independent real thing.

A vacuum in a mercury barometer is not entirely empty. When there is no matter, there is electromagnetic field. However, this field is bounded by the glass of the barometer. What bounds the field when there is no matter? The answer to this question leads us to the concept of EMPTINESS. Objectivity lies in recognizing that beyond matter lies the field, and beyond field lies the emptiness of no substance.

“Empty space” is extension of the electromagnetic field, which is bounded by EMPTINESS of no substance.

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Emptiness

True emptiness must be empty of “space” also. When we perceive space to be the extension of substance then there is no space in the absence of substance.  This argument brings consistency between physics and philosophy. However, there seems to be resistance to the idea of EMPTINESS in the scientific community. It is up to the scientific community now to critically reexamine the long held concept of space using the wisdom provided by philosophy.

EMPTINESS would be the absolute zero of substance; and this would mean, no frequency, no wavelength, no period, no inertia, no space, no time, and no energy. It is the ultimate reference point for substance and all its characteristics. Emptiness may be difficult to conceive because it implies no awareness as well.

EMPTINESS is the absence of substance and all its characteristics.

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Summary

The universe of substance is bounded by emptiness of no substance.  The concept of emptiness lies in the domain of philosophy. But for physics, emptiness acts as a reference point from which the substance of the universe may be understood in its totality.

The above understanding leads to the following ideas.

“Empty space” is not really empty. There is electromagnetic field present.

There is no emptiness in an atom. The atom is filled with electromagnetic field and matter.

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By vinaire | Comments (5)

The Spectrum of Substance (old-1)

December 20, 2017 – 1:03 PM

Please see The Spectrum of Substance

Historically, Aristotle viewed things as made of matter (substance in general). To him, matter and thought were complementary principles.

Descartes conceived of matter as independent of thought. He postulated matter to be an abstract reality whose inherent property was limited to extension. He, thus, saw space as property of matter. But he separated matter from thought.

Newton developed Descartes’ notion of matter into the concept of material-substance that had intrinsic properties of extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia. This material-substance then existed within an absolute space. He thus separated matter from space. Newton was, however, troubled by the notion of gravity as “action at a distance.”

Einstein was fascinated by the phenomenon of light. He looked at the concept of light as an electromagnetic phenomenon as developed mathematically by Maxwell from the concept of electromagnetic field conceived by Faraday. Faraday saw field as a medium that carried force between material bodies. Einstein then conceived of space as a mathematical reality whose geometry (curvature) could explain the phenomenon of gravity. Einstein thus implied space and electromagnetic phenonomena to be kind of a ghostly mathematical substance.

Based on The Nature of Space, we may now consider space and the electromagnetic phenomena to be made up of actual (not mathematical) field-substance described by the electromagnetic spectrum as follows:

  1. Field-space
  2. Radio waves
  3. Microwave radiation
  4. Terahertz radiation
  5. Infrared radiation
  6. Visible radiation
  7. Ultraviolet radiation
  8. X-ray radiation
  9. Gamma radiation

This spectrum may be referenced from a theoretical Emptiness of zero-inertia.

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The Field-Substance

We may forward the following hypothesis:

Space and matter are not separate and absolute as visualized by Newton. There is a spectrum of substance from space to matter in the form of electromagnetic field.

This field-substance is made of electromagnetic cycles. An electromagnetic cycle consists of dynamically interchanging electric and magnetic energies. This interchange is analogous to the dynamically interchanging kinetic and potential energies of a vibrating mass.

The electromagnetic cycles have characteristic frequencies. The field-substance has different properties associated with different frequencies. The electromagnetic spectrum describes the progression of these frequencies of the field-substance. This progression is broadly listed above.

The electromagnetic cycles spreading in three spatial dimensions forms the electromagnetic field. This field consists of the different characteristics found in the electromagnetic spectrum, which combine to produce turbulence, pulses and quantum particles.

This field is dynamic and seems to constitute the atoms. Within an atom the field seems to converge toward the center with increasing frequency. Ultimately, the field-substance seems to condense into mass at the center of the atom forming a nucleus.

It is within the atom that we find an interface between field and material substances.

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By vinaire | Comments (0)

Matter in Historical Perspective (old)

December 18, 2017 – 8:20 AM
This artist's animation shows a celestial body about the size of our moon slamming at great speed into a body the size of Mercury.
Reference: Disturbance Theory

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Historically, there has been confusion between matter and emptiness because it is difficult to conceive of emptiness. Matter is substance. Emptiness is absence of substance. It is impossible to visualize absence of something.

Aristotle viewed things as made of matter. To him, matter and thought were complementary principles.

Later Descartes argued that the inherent properties of bodies were limited to extension, and the so-called secondary qualities, like color, were only products of human perception. Thus, he conceived of matter as a thing in itself that was independent of thought. He arbitrarily postulated matter to be some abstract, mathematical substance that occupies space.

Newton developed Descartes’ notion of matter by attributing to it the intrinsic properties of extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia. To him, “secondary” qualities, such as color or taste, were those that were not amenable to mathematical description. Newton was, however, troubled by the notion of gravity as “action at a distance.”

Einstein then explained “action at a distance” by developing Faraday’s concept of field. He made a critical summary of the development of his ideas in a paper Relativity & Problem of Space near the end of his life.

Einstein’s paper explains the following among other things.

  • The electromagnetic field is a substance more basic than matter.
  • The concept of space is derived from the extensions of substance.

The Disturbance Theory develops these concepts further.

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By vinaire | Comments (0)

The Spectrum of Inertia

December 15, 2017 – 7:56 AM

inertia5

Reference: Disturbance Theory

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For a long time, in Physics, the basic substance was thought to be MATTER. Everything was matter. But this changed at the beginning of the 20th century. It was finally established that the electromagnetic phenomena consisted of a substance that was finer than matter. This substance was the electromagnetic field. The concept of substance suddenly expanded from matter to electromagnetic field consisting of a wide spectrum of frequencies.

The disturbance theory postulates that the actuality of substance is represented by inertia. Atomic matter is a substance of “high level” of inertia. Electromagnetic field is a substance of “low level” of inertia. Thus there is a spectrum of inertia. The lower part of this spectrum is occupied by the field. The upper part of this spectrum is occupied by matter. The field has its own spectrum that includes the electromagnetic spectrum. The matter also has a spectrum, that includes gases, liquids, solids, plasma, and the substances of neutron stars and black holes.

The zero on the spectrum of inertia is the theoretical point of zero inertia, which means complete “absence of substance”. We may label it as EMPTINESS. Emptiness is also be a point of non-actuality because actuality comes from the presence of substance. The disturbance theory postulates that actuality of substance appears in the form of a “disturbance”. It has a characteristic frequency. Thus, frequency is an indication of inertia. This is supported by the fact that frequency of radiation maintains itself until it is forced to change through some interaction.

Matter appears on this spectrum when the frequency has become so high that it collapses into mass. The appearance of nucleus within an atom is an example of this phenomenon. The Disturbance theory looks at atom as a whirlpool within the field where frequency is rapidly increasing toward the center. At the center, the frequency  becomes so high that it collapses into mass. Infinity of inertia indicates an extremely dense substance, such as that of the neutron star or black hole.

Space and time are characteristics of substances. They are not substances themselves.  Therefore, the presence of space and time indicates that there is some underlying substance. Thus matter has the characteristics of rigid space and enduring time.  On the other hand, field includes the whole electromagnetic spectrum and it behaves like the rough surface of a sea with its dynamically changing frequencies. The space of field is not rigid, and its time is fluctuating. The space that we see around us, has field underlying it. It is full of frequency gradients and force. This explains the presence of dark energy and dark matter in space. It is incorrect to think that space is something that matter occupies.

Thus, the spectrum of inertia ranges from theoretical zero frequency of EMPTINESS to “infinitely complex frequency” of extremely dense substance. This spectrum covers the range of all possible substances including so-called thought substance.

The spectrum of inertia is a brand new concept. It provides a structure to describe all possible substances. Its usefulness shall be ascertained with the unfolding of the disturbance theory.

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By vinaire | Comments (0)

Comments on Electric Charge

December 2, 2017 – 9:47 AM

Electron

Reference: Disturbance Theory

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Electric Charge – Wikipedia

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively). Like charges repel and unlike attract. An absence of net charge is referred to as neutral. An object is negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and is otherwise positively charged or uncharged. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C). In electrical engineering, it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah), and, in chemistry, it is common to use the elementary charge (e) as a unit. The symbol Q often denotes charge. Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that don’t require consideration of quantum effects.

Force is experienced when electrically charged matter is brought in vicinity of another electrically charged matter. The “charges” seems to be part of fields. The fields interact as if to establish some kind of equilibrium. The interaction takes the form of attractive and repulsive forces. Force implies change in momentum. In case of field, force implies frequency gradient.

The frequency gradient seems to be established by eddy type formation in which frequency increases toward the center of the eddy. The higher frequency at the center represents negative charge; the lower frequency at the periphery represents positive charge. The center is denser in terms of lines of force and appears as a particle in contrast to the periphery. Therefore, electrons are more likely to be observed as particles than positrons.

In an atom the negatively charged “center of electronic region” is aligned with the positively charged “periphery of the nucleus” (see the picture above). This is because nucleus appears at the center of the electronic region. The “periphery of the electronic region” is positively charged as shown. The “center of the nucleus” is negatively charged as shown. It is incorrect to view the whole electron as negative and the whole nucleus as positive. The “attractive force” between electrons and the nucleus is better understood in terms of alignment of the frequency gradient.

An equilibrium is sought in terms of alignment of frequency gradients. Interaction takes place between fields when the frequency gradients are not aligned. So we see attractive and repulsive forces between the charges. We have a frequency gradient within the atom that is well aligned from the center of the nucleus to the outer periphery of the atom and balanced by the eddy-like rotations within the atom.

From Newton’s second law of motion, Newton’s law of gravity and Coulomb’s law we get the dimensions of mass and charge to be the same.

[M] = [Q] = [L3T -2]

Mass is the constant of proportionality between force and acceleration.
Force = mass x acceleration

Similarly, charge could be defined as the constant of proportionality between force and frequency.
Force = charge x [velocity of light] x frequency

This is dimensionally accurate. Therefore,
CHARGE = FORCE / (VELOCITY OF LIGHT x FREQUENCY)

The electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental forces (See also: magnetic field).

The charge, like mass, is closely related to inertia. It is conserved like mass is conserved. It may appear that charge produces EM field, but charge is simply a part of the electromagnetic phenomenon. Movement of charge is the shifting of frequency gradient in the field, and this manifests as force. Normally this frequency gradient is balanced by the eddy-like motion within the field.

Twentieth-century experiments demonstrated that electric charge is quantized; that is, it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, approximately equal to 1.602×10−19 coulombs (except for particles called quarks, which have charges that are integer multiples of ⅓ e). The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e. The study of charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by photons, is called quantum electrodynamics.

Quantization of electrical charge means that only the multiples of a basic frequency gradient are permitted in the structure of atom. The charge of an electron represents that basic frequency gradient. The electron may be modeled as a 3D vortex in the electromagnetic field. The mathematics of this model may reveal the fundamental frequency gradient. It may also provide a meaning to “conservation of charge” or “conservation of force” as hinted by Michael Faraday. This may lead to understanding of stable configurations of elementary particles and the quantization of properties at atomic dimensions.

It is this gradient of frequency that appears as the four fundamental forces – gravitational, electromagnetic, and strong and weak interactions. The details need to be worked out.

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