Reference: Postulate Mechanics
The Motion
For motion to occur, there must be substance with extent and duration. Thus, the prerequisites for motion are consistency, space and time. As consistency increases from thought to radiation to matter, space contracts and time becomes more durable. Motion also slows down.
But the motion is not random. It seeks to evolve and bring about more sophisticated motion. So, there must be additional postulates to guide and generate learning on part of motion. These postulates are likely to be similar to the postulates underlying current research in Artificial Intelligence.
Embarking on the study of motion is like opening the Pandora’s Box. Physics has hardly scratched the surface.
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Reference: Subject Clearing Universe
Reference: “Energy” in Quantum Mechanics
NOTE: The subject of Physics treats these fundamental particles mathematically, and it does not provide a proper visualization for them. The effort on this blog is to provide a visualization that is consistent with what is known. It does not change the mathematics of Physics.
The concept of quantum was first applied to electromagnetic radiation. It had to do with the amount of radiation that was absorbed and emitted by atoms. Such an amount was found to be proportional to the frequency of radiation, and not to its intensity.
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Definition of QUANTUM
In physics, a quantum is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. In the Standard Model of Particle Physics, quantum applies to the discrete amount of energy, which is radiated from an atom, or absorbed in an atom. This amount is proportional to the frequency of the radiation it represents.
Thus, the concept of quantum applies to the radiative “particles” of spin 1 that can merge into each other forming a continuous flow that has a definite consistency. The particles of spin 1/2 are spinning vortices that cannot merge with each other to form a continuous flow; so, they are treated as units in themselves and don’t need the concept of quantum.
In summary, the concept of quantum is used to specify the unit of radiative energy that otherwise have a continuous flow with no distinguishable particles. Radiative energy of different consistencies have different quanta.
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Misconceptions
1. It is a misconception to think of a quantum of energy as a particle in space and not as the amount of energy involved in a sub-atomic reaction.
2. It is a misconception to think of a quantum as a “wave-packet” of energy. The quanta do not have defined boundaries as a continuous flow in space, just like drops of water do not have defined boundaries in a glass of water.
3. It is a misconception to think of a “wave-packet” as a packet of waves of certain wave-length. It is actually an energy field of certain consistency.
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Reference: Postulate Mechanics
The Time
When we sense some substance, that substance must be persisting or enduring to some degree. This duration is a dimension of substance that is called TIME. When there is no substance, nothing is enduring and there is no time.
Objects that are enduring forever appear to be fixed, such as, the configurations of stars in the sky. Objects that are enduring to a lesser degree appear to change. For example, we have planets wandering among the fixed stars. These planets are changing in their location in space. They are not as enduring as the stars are. Time and motion are intimately related. The faster is the motion the lesser is endurance in terms of time.
Awareness of time is essentially the awareness of change. We are aware of changes in the external universe. We measure such changes by a physical clock. This gives us an appreciation of the physical time. When we shut out the external universe by closing our eyes, we continue to be aware of our internal universe of thought. We promptly become aware of changes in thoughts. This gives us an appreciation of the mental time. We find the experience of mental time to be different from physical time.
When substance condenses its endurance increases. This is reflected in motion slowing down. For example, matter is a highly condensed substance compared to light because its consistency is higher by many orders of magnitude. This is reflected in the free motion of matter being much slower than the free motion of light. Compared to light, the free motion of thought is expected to be higher by many orders of magnitude.
From thought to radiation to matter, we see time becoming more solid (enduring). It amounts to the increasing of the frequency of substance. Matter has the highest frequency. The frequency of radiation is lower by many orders of magnitude. The frequency of thought is still lower by many orders of magnitude. Black holes at the center of galaxies may constitute the most persistent substance of near infinite frequency. Science views time mathematically without associating any substance with it.
The planets, stars and galaxies are enduring. The environment of radiation and thought around them is changing much more rapidly.
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Reference: Postulate Mechanics
The Space
When we sense some substance, that substance must have some extension. This extension is called SPACE. We may say that the substance is occupying this space; but that space denotes the dimension of the substance.
In short, space is a characteristic of the substance that we sense. In the absence of substance there is no space. When we observe “empty space” around us, it is empty of matter only; It is not empty of radiation and thought. It is an error to think that there can be a void in which nothing exists. What comes closest to being a void is non-awareness.
When a substance condenses it becomes smaller. This we see as space contracting. It amounts to a shortening of the wavelength of the substance. It is assumed that that the wavelength of the universe is infinite.
Matter has the smallest wavelength. The wavelength of radiation is larger by many orders of magnitude. The wavelength of thought is still larger by many orders of magnitude. Thought may approximate the infinite wavelength of the universe’s space. Science views this space mathematically without associating any substance with it.
The planets, stars and galaxies are floating in a sea of radiation. And that sea of radiation is most likely floating in a much larger sea of thought.
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Reference: Postulate Mechanics
The Radiation
Radiation is the short expression for electromagnetic radiation. The foremost example of radiation as substance is the light from the sun. We can sense it on our skin. It helps us see things. It has a visible spectrum of colors. It has a much larger spectrum from radio waves to the gamma rays. Radiation is seen to have an extremely high speed but no mass.
We differentiate radiation from energy, where energy is a capacity for action or, more exactly, for interaction. Energy is the measure of that which passes from one quantum to another in the course of their transformations. Thus, all substance, whether it is thought, radiation or matter, displays energy as kinetic or potential.
For a long time radiation has been visualized as a wavelike disturbance in a material medium (ether), similar to the ripples in water; but radiation is now found to be substantial, being made of quanta that occupies space.
The concepts of wavelength and frequency are still used; but they mean something very different in the context of radiation. For example, radiation is viewed as a field; and higher frequency may denote higher concentration of this field, while larger wavelength may denote much larger spread of the field.
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