Einstein 1920 (XXVIII) Exact Formulation of the General Principle of Relativity

Reference: Einstein’s 1920 Book

Section XXVIII (Part 2)
Exact Formulation of the General Principle of Relativity

Please see Section XXVIII at the link above.

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Summary

In the general theory of relativity, the rigid reference bodies are replaced by the Gaussian coordinate systems.

In special theory of relativity, we replace the space-time variables of a Galilean reference-body by the space-time variables of a new reference body that makes use of Lorentz transformation. In general theory of relativity, we replace one Gaussian coordinate system by another, while the equations which express the general laws of nature pass over into equations of the same form.

In a way we are replacing the reference systems of material bodies with limited range of flexibility by reference system of gravitational field with infinite range of flexibility. Special kind of gravitational fields may appear as being attached to material bodies.

In gravitational fields there are no such things as rigid bodies with Euclidean properties. The physical sense of space and time also becomes very different from that in the special theory of relativity.

The rigid reference-bodies of the special theory of relativity are replaced by non-rigid reference-bodies of gravitational field in the general theory of relativity. In a gravitational field, the variations in rigidity are continuous without limitation just like the motion. Therefore, the term “reference-body” may be replaced by the term “reference-mollusk.” The “mollusk” gives a certain comprehensibleness is the (really unqualified) formal retention of the separate existence of the space co-ordinate.

The general theory of relativity thus assigns certain rigidity to space coordinates, from almost no rigidity in case of light to a high order of rigidity in case of matter.

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Final Comments

The gravitational field as represented by Gaussian coordinates is like space with some substantiality. In other words, space has a consistency that varies from one location to the next. As the consistency increases, the space becomes more concentrated and it starts to appear as the electromagnetic radiation. Near infinite consistency turns space into matter with the characteristics of inertia. Within an atom, the increasing consistency appears as the electronic and the nuclear regions.

As the concentration of “substantial” space increases, boundaries between spaces of different consistencies become more visible. Thus come about the appearance of discrete particles within the continuous medium of space.

As consistency increases the velocity decreases, and that seems to provide a model of a vortex of decreasing radius. This radius finally becomes so small that the velocity of concentrated space turns into spin of solid particles at the bottom of the vortex.

This Vortex Model may apply to spinning atoms and also to the spinning planets with their gravitational fields.

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May 31, 2019 – 9:17 AM Categories: Einstein | Post a comment

Einstein 1920 (XXVII) The Space-Time Continuum of General Theory

Reference: Einstein’s 1920 Book

Section XXVII (Part 2)
The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Relativity Is not a Euclidean Continuum

Please see Section XXVII at the link above.

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Summary

The space time continuum of the special theory can be regarded as four-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinates if we consider the velocity of light to be constant. For a rotating body of reference, a gravitational field is present; and, therefore, the velocity of light will depend on the coordinates. We cannot consider four-dimensional Cartesian co-ordinates in the general theory of relativity.

We refer the four-dimensional space-time continuum in an arbitrary manner to Gauss co-ordinates. In themselves these co-ordinates have no significance. A momentary existence of a material point at a location without duration will be represented by a single coordinate point. A permanent existence of a material point with motion shall then be represented by an infinitely large number of coordinate points as in a continuous line. Encounters among material points shall be represented by coincidences among coordinate points.

The motion of a material point relative to a body of reference shall be represented by encounters of that material point with particular points of the reference-body. This will take into account all kind of variations in both space and time in terms of flexibility, inertia or consistency.

All physical descriptions of space-time relationships can then be represented by coincidences among Gaussian coordinates of a body with a reference body. The Gaussian coordinates do not suffer the limitation of absolute rigidity of the Cartesian coordinates.

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Final Comments

A body in uniform motion may not have acceleration, but it has a constant velocity. This constant velocity differs from body to body due to differences in their inherent structure. This inherent structure appears as the mass, inertia, rigidity or consistency of the body.

Light has near zero consistency and near infinite velocity; whereas, matter has near infinite consistency and extremely low range of velocities. By extrapolating between these data points, the special theory of relativity manages to come up with an approximate method to calculate the relative velocity in uniform motion for matter.

The general theory of relativity accounts for acceleration by relating instantaneous changes in consistency to changes in velocity throughout a continuum. Thus, it accounts for acceleration that manifests in the form of gravitational field.

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May 30, 2019 – 5:11 PM Categories: Einstein | Post a comment

Einstein 1920 (XXVI) The Space-Time Continuum of Special Theory

Reference: Einstein’s 1920 Book

Section XXVI (Part 2)
The Space-Time Continuum of the Special Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum

Please see Section XXVI at the link above.

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Summary

In the special theory of relativity, mathematical relationships are derived from the postulate that the velocity of light is same in all Galilean systems. These relationships are expressed as the equations of the Lorentz transformation. They have proved valid for the Galilean systems.

If we choose as time-variable the imaginary variable √(-1) ct  instead of the real quantity t, we can regard the space-time continuum as a “Euclidean” four-dimensional continuum.

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Final Comments

The space coordinates (x, y, z) and the time coordinate (t) represent two very different dimensions in our experience; but they may be combined geometrically to form a “Euclidean” four-dimensional continuum. This continuum may be interpreted as follows.

The greater is the “duration” of substance at a location, the lesser is its flexibility at that location. Whereas, the coordinate t represents the “duration” of substance at a location in space (x, y, z); the Minkowki’s coordinate “√(-1) ct” represents the consistency of substance at that location.

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May 30, 2019 – 11:09 AM Categories: Einstein | Post a comment

SCN 8-8008: The Chart of Attitudes

Reference: The Book of Scientology

The Chart of Attitudes

Please see the original section at the link above.

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Summary

Hubbard says, “In order to do rising-scale processing, the auditor should know very well his Chart of Attitudes and the reasons underlying each column.” Please note that I have added relevant links to this quote from Hubbard. The reasons underlying each column are explained by Hubbard in subsequent sections (see the link above on The Book of Scientology).

This chart is divided into several columns. Each column presents a particular attitude (in bold) as it is found at the top and bottom of the tone scale. Attitudes are listed for in between tone scale values too.

Hubbard says, “Each one of these is a gradient scale with many intermediate points. In rising-scale running, one seeks the attitude of the preclear nearest to the lowest end of this scale and asks him to do a rising-scale to see how high he can change his postulate toward the upper end of the scale.” You may try this processing by yourself instead of going to an auditor.

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Comments

Make sure you subject clear each line of a column before running it with rising-scale processing. The upper line consists of attitudes that are naturally part of your beingness. It is the erroneous reasoning from your experiences that has moved you away from those attitudes.

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May 29, 2019 – 9:35 PM Categories: Scientology | Post a comment

SCN 8-8008: Responsibility

Reference: The Book of Scientology

Responsibility

Please see the original section at the link above.

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Summary

Hubbard says, “The responsibility level of the preclear depends upon his willingness or unwillingness to handle energy.” But responsibility depends on a person’s ability to respond to a situation appropriately, rather than his willingness. If he can’t respond properly then he runs into difficulty.

At the top of the tone scale, a person is able to respond to any situation appropriately. As he descends the tone scale his ability to respond appropriately decreases. He starts to run into more difficulties. At first he blame others for the unhandled situations. Then he starts to accept fault to escape punishment. He may exhibit “glee of insanity” to show how harmless he is. Ultimately, he sinks into apathy. 

Hubbard sees insanity as a state of ultimate irresponsibility. According to him, the intention underlying insanity is to escape punishment. He does not see insanity as a state of total overwhelm.

Hubbard defines happiness as “the overcoming of not insurmountable obstacles toward the known goal of havingness.” To Hubbard, one should be intensely driven toward a goal; otherwise, he is running away from responsibility. In his view “slaves are made by giving them freedom from responsibility.”

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Comments

In Hubbard’s view a person must be intensely self-driven towards his goal to be responsible. He should overcome all obstacles by any means possible. If he encounters opposing goals he should destroy them. Such a person doesn’t much care what happens to others in the process of him achieving his goals. In his view, others are being responsible only when they are supporting his goals.

This shows Hubbard’s fixation on self, and his inability to resolve that fixation and the conflicts among goals. He rejects the ultimate goal of oneness (continuity, consistency and harmony) that was supported by Buddha.

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May 29, 2019 – 8:10 PM Categories: Scientology | Post a comment