Not only the external world, but also the inner sense, are part of this Universe. Both the external world and the inner sense appear to be based on the following two postulates:
FIRST POSTULATE The first postulate is that both consciousness and the world are substantial. The substance of the world is matter and radiation; and the substance of the inner sense is thought. The natural extension of substance appears as Space; and the natural duration of substance appears as Time.
SUBSTANCE Substance is that which is substantial enough to be sensed and perceived. We may divide the substance of this universe into three categories: (1) matter, (2) radiation, and (3) thought. Matter has extremely high consistency called mass. Radiation has a such small consistency that it is considered to have no mass. Thought has still less consistency that cannot be sensed physically. It can only be sensed mentally. Consistency means “a degree of density, firmness, viscosity, etc.” We have decreasing consistency from matter to radiation to thought. Matter and radiation are considered to be physical substances. Thought is considered to be a metaphysical substance, or even a spiritual substance.
SPACE Space refers to the extension of substance. There is no space in the absence of substance. The “empty space” is empty of matter only; but it defines the extension of radiation and thought. The “space” studied in geometry is actually the abstraction of matter-space.
TIME Time refers to the duration of substance. Matter has near infinite duration. Any duration, which is less than infinite, appears as motion. In the absence of substance there is neither duration, nor motion nor time.
SECOND POSTULATE The second postulate is that the the goal of both consciousness and the world is integration toward a oneness (continuity, consistency and harmony) of form. This appears as chaos converting into order.
ONENESS In Postulate Mechanics, Oneness is understood as CONSISTENCY among parts. This consistency appears as CONTINUITY at very small scales, and as HARMONY at very large scales. Oneness does not imply sameness. Oneness means that all that is known is continuous, consistent and harmonious. Oneness lies in the continuity of dimensions, consistency of realities, and harmony of relations. Oneness underlies the very concept of the Universe, and also the concept of Scientific Method. Oneness is not a monotone canvas; but it is a beautiful painting full of colors and forms that are continuous, consistent and harmonious.
BLACK BODY (1859) Black body… discovery of radiation (light, emission spectrum) as field-substance… Mechanical-substance in equilibrium with field-substance based on temperature only… Temperature defines the state of activity of the substance…
BLACK-BODY RADIATION (Notes) 1. Black Body 2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium 3. Equipartition Theorem 4. Rayleigh-Jeans Law 5. Ultraviolet Catastrophe 6. Black-body Radiation
(1900) Blackbody radiation… Electromagnetic energy could only be emitted in quantized form…
All consistencies of the EM spectrum are in equilibrium with each other. These consistencies occur in precise steps. This spectrum goes all the way up to the electron.
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‘c’ (UNIVERSAL CONSTANT) The space and time are related through the consistency of substance. This relationship yields the universal constant ‘c’.
COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT In cosmology, the cosmological constant, alternatively called Einstein’s cosmological constant, is the constant coefficient of a term that Albert Einstein temporarily added to his field equations of general relativity.
COSMOLOGY Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future. According to NASA, the definition of cosmology is “the scientific study of the large scale properties of the universe as a whole.”
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EINSTEIN’S POSTULATES Einstein provided a new theory of motion. He postulated that
The laws of physics are the same for everyone. The universe plays no favorites and doesn’t decide on who is moving and who isn’t.
The speed of light is measured to be the same for everyone. Two people who are moving at very different speeds will both measure the speed of light to be the same.
NOTE: The relative speeds in material domain are so small that, compared to the speed of light, they are practically zero.
We can say, light has a natural speed. It is relative to other speeds. Similarly, light has a natural consistency. It is relative to other consistencies. Thus, substance has properties of motion and consistency. They are inversely lated.
ELECTRIC CONSTANT (ε0) ε0 is called permittivity of free space. Permittivity is a property of all materials. It is related to how an external electrical field will affect charges within a medium. In free space there are no charges to affect, unless the permittivity of space is the minimum value tied into the nature of space and time in a way that we do not fully understand. ε0 contains information about how strong the electric force is when you remove considerations of charge and distance…
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE Electromagnetic Force has extremely large range, stronger at shorter distances. Electromagnetic force involves charges; but the weak force doesn’t. Seems like the electromagnetic force is due to steeper gradient of consistency than the weak force.
ENERGY (EINSTEIN) Einstein essentially discovered that light was a substance that had a consistency much less than that of matter, which gave it a much greater motion. Because of its imperceptible consistency and much greater motion, light was recognized as “pure” energy, because, until then, energy was related to the motion of matter.
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GAMMA RADIATION Gamma radiation is governed by electromagnetic force.
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LIGHT Light is a substance of consistency within a certain range that is much less than the range of consistency of matter. In fact, the universal constant of the speed of light is actually the ratio of the average consistency of matter to the average consistency of light.
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MAGNETIC CONSTANT (μ0) The constant μ0 a magnetic analog, permeability of free space, from Ampere’s Law, which describes how a magnetic field affects magnets in a medium.
MAGNETISM Use in compasses… one end points North… Oersted (1819) discovered that electric current in a wire deflected the needle of a compass. Electric current in the wire generated a magnetic field. The wire makes a magnetic field that has a circular shape, and it doesn’t have north and south poles. Faraday (1831) discovered that changing magnetic field caused current in the wire… electricity and magnetism are related… this was a pivotal moment in the history of technology. Maxwell (1861) published Maxwell’s Equations that put all the earlier work together showing that electricity and magnetism are one and the same. Derivative form of these equations led to crucial insight; it led to classical wave equation. The constant was related to the speed of light; it showed that light was an electromagnetic wave.
MASS (REST) Rest mass is the mass of an object that is at rest relative to you, and because you can move faster than the object to push it.
MASS (RELATIVISTIC) The term ‘relativistic mass’ was invented to convey the idea that it is harder to push a moving object, as you have to be moving faster than the object to push it. It is a misconception that a particle’s mass gets bigger as it speeds up.
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS Maxwell’s equations led to the concept that light is an electromagnetic wave; but to a wrong visualization. Just because similar math applies to transverse waves of ripples in water, does not necessarily mean that light can be visualized as having ripples. But that is how light is shown in all scientific illustrations. Light is a fluid-like smooth flow in space of a very diffused substance. The electrical and magnetic fields are internal states that convert into each other at a very rapid rate, but that has nothing to do with how light appears in space except for its color. There are no ripples of light existing in some medium. This is a great illustration of a matter-centric view that we carry, and which has led to many misunderstandings. Just like the word “particle,” the word “wave” has also led to the wrong visualization of substance other than matter. The best way to visualize substance is in terms of the CONSISTENCY of its FIELD.
MOTION (Inherent) Motion is relative looseness of substance. The tighter and more rigid is the substance, the less motion it contains. The looser and more flexible is the substance, the more motion it contains. The opposite of motion is inertia. The lesser is the inertia the greater is the motion. Light is extremely loose substance. Thought is looser still.
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RADIATION (1905) Einstein theoretically derives the equivalence of matter and energy. This basically establishes the validity of electromagnetic radiation as a substance.
RELATIVITY (1905) Einstein publishes his Special Theory of Relativity. This takes advantage of the large difference in quantization between field-substance and material-substance.
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X-RAYS (1895) Discovery of X-rays… Highly energetic photons… Greater penetration into material-substance.
ALPHA RADIATION Alpha radiation is governed by strong nuclear force.
ANTIMATTER The antimatter particle of electron Is a positron. The difference between matter and antimatter is that they have opposite electric charge. If you combine matter and antimatter, they annihilate in a huge burst of energy.
ATOM Maxwell and other physicists saw atom as the smallest, indivisible unit of matter. Faraday saw atom as the center of force. The concentrated force appears as mass. The ATOM is a whirlpool of substance that is thinning in density and increasing in speed as it spreads out from the nucleus. The highly dense nucleus appears as the “stationary” center of mass. The immediate substance surrounding the nucleus is the rapidly whirling continuum of electrons.
(1905) Einstein shows the evidence of actual atoms through the demonstration of Brownian motion…
ATOMIC NUMBER The atomic number of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. It is identical to the charge number of the nucleus. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
ATOMIC SPECTRA —structure of consistencies …
ATOMIC STRUCTURE Atomic structure amounts to gradients of consistencies within the atom.
(1888) The identifying energy level structure of hydrogen atom is discovered in greater detail. This later contributed to working out the structure of an atom.
(1902) Atoms bond together through shared electrons… 4 pairs (eight electrons) are needed to achieve a stable configuration… This leads to a theory of “cubical atom”… electrons provide major grouping of consistencies. An electron itself may have sub-groupings …
(1904) Eight appears to be a preferred number in the context of bonding of atoms… atoms share bonds in a certain way … seems to refer to its vortex nature …
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BETA RADIATION Beta radiation is governed by weak nuclear force. In Beta decay a neutron is transmuting into a proton. There is an imbalance of energy and angular momentum in beta decay.
BOSONS In the quantum world, forces are caused by the exchange of particles. Bosons are force carrying particles that are responsible for transmitting three of the four known forces. Bosons are like free flowing energy and not energy in the form of vortices. The mass of bosons seems to be inverse of the force they carry. In that sense, a graviton shall have infinite mass.
BROWNIAN MOTION (1905) Einstein shows the evidence of actual atoms through the demonstration of Brownian motion…
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CHARGE: Charge is the dynamic motion of field-substance. (See MASS)
CONSTANTS Velocity of light ‘c’ = ~ 299,792 km/s or 3 × 108 m/s
Mass of neutron = 1.675 × 10−27 kg Mass of proton = 1.673 × 10−27 kg (equivalent energy = 0.939 GeV) Radius of a proton = ~ 0.84 x 10^-15 m Wavelength of proton = 9.0×10−12 m
Mass of electron = 9.109×10−31 kg (equivalent energy = 0.511 MeV) Wavelength of electron = 3.3×10−10 m Velocity of electron = ~ 2200 km/s
Bohr radius of Hydrogen atom = ~ 0.529 × 10-10 meters Volume of Hydrogen atom = ~ 6.2×10−31 m3 Energy of electron in ground state (hydrogen) = -13.6 eV = 2.18e-18 J
Ratio of the proton/electron masses = ~ 1836 Ratio of Hydrogen atom/proton radii = ~ 63,000
Mass of Sun = 1.9891 × 1030 kilograms Mass of Earth = 5.9722 × 1024 kilograms Mass of Mars = 6.39 × 1023 kilograms
Velocity of Earth = 29.8 km/s Velocity of Mars = 24.08 km/s
Radius of Earth Orbit = 1.5 x 108 kilometers Radius of Mars Orbit = 2.28 x 108 kilometers
Boltzmann constant = 1.38064852 × 10-23 m2 kg s-2 K-1 Avogadro number =6.02214076×1023 Gas constant R = 8.31446261815324 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 The equivalent energy for 1 gm is 5.625 × 1032 eV 1 eV = 1.60218e-19 J
COPENHAGEN INTERPRETATION (Bohr and Heisenberg): Wave equation means that the electron was simultaneously everywhere, however, when you detect it, the location of the electron is found in a certain location, with the probability determined by the square of the wave function. (Note: The probability seemingly relates to the consistency of electronic substance at a location within the atom.)
CURRENT The use of the term current is historical and it stems from the fact that a particle was moving.
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DECAY —transformation of substance from mass to EM through cascading consistencies …
DIRAC EQUATION This equation successfully blended quantum mechanics and special relativity, but it also incorporated the quantum mechanical spin of the particles involved. Dirac’s equation explicitly brought magnetism into the picture and predicted antimatter.
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ELECTROWEAK FORCE It combines Electromagnetism and Weak Force together… the Higgs field is also inextricably tied in with them
ELECTRICITY Example is lightning… Began with observation of static electricity… positive and negative electricity… Coulomb’s Law works for point charges only… ‘q’ is the symbol of charge… Galvani (1780) discovered that life and electricity were intertwined. Life itself is partially electrical… Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) discovered of battery…
ELECTRIC SPARK In the experiment conducted by Hertz, the spark occurred more easily in ultraviolet light, because the ultraviolet light had a frequency closer to the frequency of electrons.
ELECTRON The consideration of electrons as “particles” comes from a mathematical treatment of discrete sub-atomic reactions. When electrons shift in their energy, the photon field appears. Within an electron “whirlpool” there are increasing consistencies from its periphery to the center. These consistencies relate to the electromagnetic frequency.
(1897) Discovery of electron as an actual particle of high charge to mass ratio.
there is inertia and not mass… high consistency (manifested as charge) and high motion (manifested as inertia)… inertia in electrons is confused with its mass…
ELECRON SPIN Spin is a conserved quantity carried by elementary particles. The existence of electron spin angular momentum is inferred from experiments with atoms.
ELECTROWEAK THEORY The ideas combining weak isospin and hypercharge with ideas of Higgs field provide the forces of electromagnetism and the weak force.
ENERGY (NEWTON) Newton’s concept of energy is related to the motion of matter. The motion of matter occurs with imperceptible changes in its consistency. That change in consistency may be considered in terms of “force.”
EQUILIBRIUM Electronic and nuclear substances transforming between each other at a steady rate.
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FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS Each Feynman diagram is really just an equation in disguise. The combination of Feynman diagrams to set up the equations and perturbation theory to simplify the solutions is what makes this field possible at all. It turns out that the probability of any one of the doodles depends heavily on the number of emissions or absorptions. Particle physicists use the word “vertex” to describe either an emission or absorption because it is often drawn with straight lines that come together. The more vertices, the less likely they are to occur. In fact, each vertex means that that particular doodle happens 1% of the time as often as a doodle with 1 fewer vertices. Given such a big difference between the different number of vertices, we can use perturbation theory to vastly simplify the situation.
FLAVOR Flavor indicates things that are pretty similar, yet distinct. Neither electromagnetism nor the strong force can change a particle’s flavor, but the weak force can. In particle physics, flavor refers to the species of an elementary particle. The Standard Model counts six flavors of quarks and six flavors of leptons. They are conventionally parameterized with flavor quantum numbers that are assigned to all subatomic particles of spin 1/2.
FORCE Force changes the intrinsic motion of an object. When the intrinsic motion is forced to increase, the consistency of the object decreases by a very small amount. When the constant force is removed, the inertia and the inherent motion is restored.
FORCES Force is better understood as interaction… some changes are caused by changing the particles identity without actually moving it… The five known forces are
Gravity
Electromagnetism… electricity and magnetism… light and chemistry
Strong Force… binds protons and neutron in the nucleus of atoms
Weak Force… responsible for some forms of radioactivity
Higgs field… gives mass to subatomic particles.
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GLUON The gluon is a boson that mediates the strong force.
GRAND UNIFIED THEORY There are two distinct theories:
Einstein’s theory of General Relativity
Standard Model of Particle Physics
These two theories are not totally compatible. The standard model has its own holes, and neither theory explains the two substances called dark matter and dark energy, which are needed to describe the evolution of the universe. Dark matter and dark energy may have something to do with the thought substance.
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HIGGS BOSON A new particle that makes the interactions in the Higgs field possible. Higgs boson is the final missing piece of the Standard Model that was found in 2012.
HIGGS FIELD A new kind of energy field throughout the universe that can give mass to subatomic particles. The Higgs field can give some particles mass and not others. Higgs field appears to be the most fundamental field mathematically, and now confirmed by experiments.
Higgs field gives a particle mass by slowing it down. The existence of the field implies the existence of the Higgs boson, which is a particle that you can actually detect.
NOTE: In a way, it unifies the Standard Model of Particle Physics into one. It now provides a tool to dig further mathematically to discover the identity of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, etc.
HYPERCHARGE Weak hypercharge is kind of like electric charge, but it’s just the weak charge. Weak hypercharge predicts one massless force particle that interacts with the weak charge.
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INERTIA Inertia is the tendency of an object to maintain its inherent motion. The inherent motion corresponds to the consistency of the object. Any effort to change that inherent motion is resisted by the consistency of the object. But if the consistency can be changed, the inherent motion will also change as a result. Increase in consistency would mean a reduction in motion. A decrease in consistency would mean increase in motion.
ISOSPIN Weak isospin relates to particles that the weak force can’t distinguish. The weak isospin interaction predicts three kinds of force-carrying massless particles: two that change the identity of two particles one way or the other, and one that doesn’t change anything.
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LEAST ACTION The principle is that the universe follows the path of least action. It is a path that minimizes the difference between kinetic and potential energy integrated over time. Action is expressed in the units of energy multiplied by time. This principle uses energy to solve problems.
LEPTONS Leptons are the lightest of the subatomic particles surrounding the nucleus (they have low consistency). They don’t feel the strong nuclear force. They all feel the weak force, and their interaction with the electromagnetic force is mixed. Like heavier quarks, the heaver leptons decay very quickly.
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MASS Mass is a very high degree of consistency that is the property of matter. Mass has the property of being concentrated to a point and discrete.
MUON Muon was discovered in 1936 in the radiation from space. It is about 10% of proton. Muon is not found in the atom and it plays no role in nuclear physics or chemistry. Later it was found to be a heavy cousin of electron.
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NEUTRINO As proposed by Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli, the neutrino was an electrically neutral particle that experienced the weak nuclear force and had very little mass. It also had a quantum mechanical spin the same as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Neutrino was discovered in 1951. It verified Fermi’s theory of weak interactions. Neutrinos are leptons without charge. They only experience the weak force. They are ghostlike with extremely small mass. All neutrinos are left-handed and all antineutrinos are right-handed. Neutrinos were emitted in beta decay, which were low energy. But the neutrinos from pi meson decay were high energy. In experiments, high energy beam of neutrinos (that came from muon) only made muons.
NOTE: It seems like neutrinos represent a very smooth gradient of consistency in the electronic region. They are more like patterns that shift, rather than particles.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS Nuclear Physics is the physics of the strong force. That’s what holds protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The strong force cannot distinguish between protons and neutrons.
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ORBITAL Bohr Model (1913): There are stable and discrete orbits among which electrons may shift. Broglie (1924): The wave nature of electrons explains the stable orbitals of Boht’s atom. Shrödinger (1925): An orbital is a wave function describing the state of a single electron in an atom. The idea of orbitals has a huge impact on chemistry. The similar elements of a column in periodic table have the same number of electrons in the outermost orbital. These are the electrons that participate in chemical reactions. It unified a century of chemical knowledge.
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PARADIGM In science and philosophy, a paradigm is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word paradigm is Greek in origin, meaning “pattern”, and is used to illustrate similar occurrences.
PARITY The electromagnetic force treats matter particles and antimatter particles equally; for example, you could swap the meaning of matter and antimatter and the equations for electromagnetism wouldn’t need to be changed. This idea that you can change something big, such as the meaning of matter and antimatter, without making any substantial change to your theory is a huge idea for unifying modern physics and is central to building a grand unified theory [deep symmetries]. The act of swapping left and right, up and down, and forward and backward is called changing the parity of the situation. And if you make all of those changes and you can’t tell the difference, your parity is said to be +1. If you make all of those changes and you get the opposite, the parity is −1. And if neither situation holds, the term “parity” doesn’t apply.
Parity is a property of a physical system characterized by the behavior of the sign of its wave function when all spatial coordinates are reversed in direction. The wave function either remains unchanged (even parity) or changes in sign (odd parity)
Parity should be conserved, meaning that the quantity should never change. A particle that decayed sometimes in positive and sometimes in negative parity did not conserve parity. Wu’s experiment with Co decay expected electrons to decay both upward or downward in equal numbers to conserve parity. However, electrons were found to always decay downward. This meant that in weak-force decays, there was a clear preference for right or left.
PARTICLE PHYSICS Modern particle physics was born in 1936 with the discovery of particles, such as, positron and muon, in the radiation from space, that played no role in nuclear physics or chemistry. The Standard Model of Particle Physics seems to be hindered by its lack of proper visualization of its mathematics. Its visualization takes the material approach. It is not abstract enough.
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE Pauli’s Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers. In other words, every electron in an atom has a unique quantum state.
PHOTON The photon is a boson that mediates the electromagnet force.
PI MESON (PION) Pi meson was discovered in 1946 in radiation from space. It was also produced as the result of high-energy particle collision. It was found to be involved in holding the nucleus together. It decayed into a muon and neutrino.
POSITRON Positron was the first anti-matter particle discovered in 1932 in the radiation from space.
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QUARKS The quarks are the heaviest particles in the nucleus (they have high consistency). There are 6 different types of quarks. These are mathematical constructs that show nuclear structure. They have charges. They experience all types of forces. Some quarks appear in stable atoms, others are extremely unstable.
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RADIOACTIVITY (1896) Discovery of radioactivity… The nucleus undergoes radioactive decay. A neutron may convert into proton or vice versa. Radioactive decay of highly energetic nucleus produces highly energetic photons as gamma rays.
(1897) The rays emitted from radioactive decay make the surroundings electrically conductive. Thorium is also radioactive like uranium. X-rays and the radiation from decay induces thermoluminescence.
(1899 -1903) Detailed research into radioactivity… Identification of alpha and beta rays… Discovery of nuclear transmutation (thorium –> radium + helium gas)…
Photon energy levels increase into X-ray and Gamma range, but there is a limit to it. At some point radioactivity sets in. There is interaction between energy levels of field-substance (photons) and material-substance (atomic particles). They convert into each other maintaining an equilibrium. There is rearrangement of substance configuration
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SPIN Particles of spin 1, such as bosons, seem to be like free flowing energy, rather than energy formed into vortices. Particles of spin 1/2, such as leptons and baryons, seem to be like energy formed into vortices, rather than free flowing energy.
STRANGE PARTICLES These particles are easy to make but hard to decay.
STRONG FORCE Strong Force binds protons and neutron in the nucleus of atoms. It is incredibly strong over very short ranges (femtometer 10^-15 meter), but zero beyond that range.
SYMMETRY Symmetry appears to be a harmonic of Oneness. An example of symmetry is that both weak force and electromagnetism predicted massless particles.
SYMMETRY BREAKING In symmetry breaking we are looking at an anomaly. An example of symmetry breaking is that W and Z bosons are predicted to be massless but they have mass. This led to the discovery of Higgs mechanism.
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W AND Z BOSON These are bosons that mediates the weak force. They are of high consistency. Only the W bosons are involved in changing the flavor of particles.
WAVE NATURE Wave nature describes how mathematics is applied to certain phenomena. Such phenomenon appears when the atoms are loosely bound, as in fluids; or when the atomic substance is diffused in itself with very low consistency. The former is case of ripples in water. The latter is the case with the fact of light.
WAVE-PARTICLE It is not true that light is both a particle and a wave. “Wave” and “particle” are matter-centric notions. Here we have a field of substance that can be thin or thick in its consistency. The relative motion of substance is inversely proportional to its relative consistency in a vortex-like configuration. The rotating vortex is condensing and becoming more stabilized toward the center. The consistency of substance provides particle-like properties, and the motion of substance provides wave-like properties.
WEAK FORCE The weak force was considered to involve short distances and massive force-carrying particles. The weak force can change the identities of the particles in the nucleus. Weak Force is responsible for some forms of radioactivity.
The weak force is 10^5 times weaker than the strong force in femtometer range, and similar in scale to electromagnetic forces. The weak force only interacts with left-handed particles and right-handed antiparticles.
In Beta decay a neutron is transmuting into a proton. The decay times of radioactive decays caused by the weak force tend to be longer—many minutes, days, years, or even longer.
WORK (Electrodynamics) Electrical work is the work done on a charged particle by an electric field. The electrical work per unit of charge, when moving a negligible test charge between two points, is defined as the voltage between those points.
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ZEEMAN EFFECT (1897) Application of magnetic field splits quantization more finely (Zeeman effect).
CBFU (Cosmic Background Field of Understanding) Cosmic Background Field of Understanding (CBFU) refers to a physically structured, coherence-preserving spinor field. The term “Understanding” is used to denote internal phase alignment and field coherence, not cognition.
NOTE: Here thought is being viewed as a substance and it is being given a structure. This structure is being looked upon ideally as continuous, consistent and harmonious. The mathematical terminology obscures this simple understanding.
CBFU-G(Cosmic Background Field of Understanding Gravity) The theory retains all classical predictions while offering a causal explanation for curvature, geodesics, and time itself. CBFU-G is not a rejection of established physics; rather, it informs, unifies, and completes it. Newton, Einstein, and the Standard Model are all shown to be correct within their domains — each a projection of deeper ”spinor-torsion coherence dynamics.” This paper presents the mathematical and conceptual foundations for that reinterpretation, alongside candidate field equations, variable definitions, and simulation principles.
NOTE: Curvature and geodesics describe the structure of substance. Time describes the duration of substance. All scientific theories aim to bring about better continuity, consistency and harmony in our understanding of physical and spiritual reality. ”Spinor-torsion coherence dynamics” is a theoretical mathematical description given to the structure and motion of substance.
CBFU-G MODEL
The above prototype Lagrangian expresses the core dynamics of the CBFU-G model. It encodes a scalar field Φ as the informational substrate, perturbed by spinor activity ψψ, and torsional coupling τ. This field-theoretic structure models how coherence is lost under mass-energy perturbation, giving rise to gravitational phenomena without invoking a force. The Lagrangian for the CBFU model includes four terms:
The first term represents the kinetic energy of the scalar field Φ.
The second term is a potential energy function governing how Φ evolves.
The third term couples Φ to the spinor field, encoding how spinor activity perturbs the background field.
The fourth term couples Φ to torsion τ, representing the energy stored in spinor twisting under deformation.
NOTE: The first term looks at the motion of substance. The second term looks at how the consistency of substance responds to its motion. The third term models the relationship between the motion and consistency of substance. The fourth term represents deformation of the structure as the equilibrium between motion and consistency is maintained.
COHERENCE In field theory, coherence refers to the correlated behavior of a field, indicating a consistent phase relationship between different points in space or time. This concept is crucial in understanding the behavior of quantum systems, classical fields, and their interactions. Coherence can manifest in various ways, such as coherent states in quantum field theory, where a field behaves like a classical wave, or in the context of Coherence Field Theory (CFT), which proposes that coherence is a fundamental property underlying all physical phenomena.
NOTE: Coherence is essentially the oneness (continuity, consistency and harmony) of all phenomena.
COHERENCE FIELD THEORY (CFT) Coherence Field Theory (CFT) generally refers to the idea that physical phenomena, particularly in the context of consciousness and electromagnetism, can be understood through the lens of coherent electromagnetic fields. It posits that consciousness, or aspects of it, may be linked to the dynamics of these fields. CFT aims to explain how the brain’s electrical activity, as part of a larger electromagnetic field, can give rise to conscious experience through the principles of coherence.
COHERENT STATES In quantum field theory, coherent states are specific quantum states that closely resemble classical field behavior. They are particularly useful for describing systems where a large number of particles are in the same quantum state, like photons in a laser beam or phonons in a crystal. These states are characterized by their ability to maintain a well-defined phase relationship, exhibiting properties similar to classical waves.
CONSCIOUSNESS CFT suggests that the brain’s electrical activity, often described as brainwaves (delta, theta, etc.), can be understood as part of a larger electromagnetic field. CFT proposes that consciousness arises from the dynamic interactions and coherence within these fields.
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DECOHERENCE Decoherence is the process where a quantum system loses its coherence, or wave-like properties, due to interactions with its environment. This interaction causes the system to transition from a superposition of states to a single, definite state, similar to how a classical system behaves. Essentially, it’s the loss of quantum behavior as a system interacts with the outside world.
NOTE: Decoherence simply refers to a violation of oneness, or an anomaly.
DISCRETE-TIME SUBSTRATE A “discrete-time substrate” refers to a mathematical model of a system where a substance, or “substrate,” change at specific intervals, rather than continuously.
NOTE: This refers to a context where the system’s continuous behavior is measured or modeled in sequential steps.
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EMERGENT PHENOMENON An emergent phenomenon is a complex behavior or property that arises from the interaction of simpler components within a system, where the whole is more than the sum of its parts. These emergent properties are not directly predictable or easily explained by analyzing the individual components alone. Essentially, emergent phenomena demonstrate that complex systems can exhibit behaviors that are novel and cannot be reduced to the properties of their individual elements.
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FIELD A field exists even within the most condensed particle of matter, such as, the neutron and proton, or even quark. Since the “particle” of gravity is the whole universe, the field of gravity exists throughout the universe as space.
FIELD-SUBSTANCE This is the non-structured aspect of substance that starts as a wave of disturbance. This wave congeals into greater substantial-ness as it follows paths of smaller and smaller radius. This leads to a pattern similar to a “whirlpool”. The substantial-ness increases as one approaches the center of this whirlpool formation. The electromagnetic spectrum provides the progression of substantial-ness of field-substance. The substantial-ness of field-substance is measured in terms of QUANTIZATION. The field-substance, as electromagnetic phenomenon, is identified as “energy” as in “mass-energy equivalence” but it is not the same thing as the classical notion of energy. This mis-identification of field-substance as “energy” generates confusion. (1888) Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves are demonstrated experimentally to be a field-substance.
FORCE In CBFU, force becomes spinor reactance. Google could not find the concept of “spinor reactance.”
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GEODESIC In general relativity, a geodesic generalizes the notion of a “straight line” to curved spacetime. Importantly, the world line of a particle free from all external, non-gravitational forces is a particular type of geodesic. In other words, a freely moving or falling particle always moves along a geodesic.
GRAVITATION Gravitation emerges as the geometry of constrained time propagation.
GRAVITATIONAL WAVE Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime caused by some of the most energetic events in the universe.The most powerful and commonly detected gravitational waves come from binary systems of extremely dense objects. These systems generate strong gravitational waves as they spiral towards each other and eventually merge. The strength of gravitational waves depends on the mass of the objects involved, speed of their motion, and the degree of asymmetry in the system. It’s worth noting that while any accelerating mass technically produces gravitational waves, only the most massive and rapidly moving objects create waves strong enough to be detected with current technology.
GRAVITY Newton’s theory of gravity was remarkable. He unified the visualization of motion both on earth and in the heavens with the concept of gravity. Einstein showed that space and motion was not unrelated to the objects moving through that space. The problem is that Einstein’s theory doesn’t work too well when applied to the atomic and subatomic world, where the standard models works very well. Gravity has infinite range, 10^40 times weaker than the strong force in femtometer range, Gravity is not covered by the standard model. Gravity is the lowest common denominator of the spectrum of substance. This explains why gravity acts on everything in this universe. This also explains why no “gravitons” have been detected because we may be dealing with just one graviton of the size of the universe.
GRAVITY, RELATIVITY, AND QUANTUM MECHANICS Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity may be unified through the concepts of SUBSTANCE and CONSISTENCY. Quantum Mechanics is not the mechanics of ultra-small. It is the mechanics of mass that has suddenly become less concentrated. Special Relativity is not about relative speeds. It is about the consistencies in the range of light relative to the mass of matter. From Classical Mechanics to Quantum Mechanics to Special Relativity we have physical laws dealing with substance whose consistency is rapidly decreasing. Gravity is the case of extremely low consistency of substance.
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INERTIA Newtonian inertia, also known as Newton’s first law of motion, states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion with the same velocity (speed and direction) unless acted upon by an external force. This tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion is called inertia. In CBFU, Inertia is recast as the continuity of uncompressed spinor coherence.
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MANIFOLD A manifold is basically a set of points that can be represented by one or more coordinate systems. The plane is a manifold, the surface of a sphere is a manifold, three-dimensional space is a manifold, and yes, so is four-dimensional spacetime. Each of these can be covered by a finite number of coordinate charts.
MANIFOLD, EINSTEIN The physical significance of what is called an Einstein manifold is that it’s a mathematical representation of a spacetime that is dominated by a cosmological constant, aka. “vacuum energy”. If our current views of accelerating expansion due to vacuum energy are correct, then the far distant future of our universe will appear increasingly closely represented by an Einstein manifold.
MASS AND QUANTUM REGION Mass appears to “melt” at the boundary of the nucleus and acquire a “liquid” state that fills rest of the atom. Mass then appears to “evaporate” at the boundary of the atom and acquire a “gaseous” state that fills the interatomic space. The steepest gradient of mass occurs between the nuclear and the electronic region. The gradient of mass is relatively smooth between the atom and its environment.
METRIC In physics, a metric is a numerical value derived from measurements to be used in math equations for calculating and predicting outcomes.
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OBSERVER EFFECT In quantum mechanics, the act of observing a particle changes how it behaves. This is because the instruments used to observe the particle alter its state.
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PERTURBATION THEORY One very effective technique is to take a difficult problem and replace it by an easier one that is very similar. As long as the differences between the original problem and the approximation are small enough, you can make reasonably accurate predictions. Perturbation theory is used to simplify solutions in quantum field theory. Precise solutions to the mathematics of quantum field theory are not even possible, so we need working approximations that we can make as precise as needed.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT (1887) Discovery of photoelectric effect showed the interaction of the photon energy levels with the electron energy levels. Einstein referred to the photon energy levels as “quanta”.
PHOTON A photon is an energy particle, meaning it is the energy of an interaction within the electromagnetic spectrum. A photon does not exist in the absence of interaction.
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QUANTA Newton’s mechanics dealt only with material particles. Maxwell’s equations introduced continuous fields. Thus, there was an inconsistency that was bridged over by the discovery of quanta. Quanta provides a gradient from continuous field to discrete material particles… consistency of radiation is confused with energy-packets …
QUANTIZATION QUANTIZATION is the process of congealing through which the field-substance gradually becomes more substantial and discrete. Quantization parallels the increasing frequency of the elecromagnetic spectrum. When the field-substance transitions into material-substance with the formation of nucleus at the upper end of the spectrum, the process of quantization appears as increasing INERTIA of the material-substance.
Quantization refers to the process of transitioning from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics, where physical quantities are discretized into indivisible units called quanta.
Quantization is gradient changes in the consistency of substance. Increasing quantization means increasing structure. Thus, quantization leads to discrete consistencies among field-substance, such as those assigned to orbitals.
(1877) Statistical mechanics leads to quantization in terms of energy levels. Increasing quantization leads to atomic orbitals and then to molecular orbitals.
(1885) Hydrogen atom has its own identifying structure of energy levels.
(1905) Einstein introduces the concept of quantization… Even light becomes quantized as one moves up the electromagnetic spectrum.
QUANTIZE To quantize is to restrict the number of possible values of (a quantity) or states of (a system) so that certain variables can assume only certain discrete magnitudes.
QUANTUM A QUANTUM is an radiation particle. It is the discrete amount drawn from a continuum for an interaction at the atomic level.
QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS (QED) Quantum electrodynamics is the name of the modern theory that governs the interaction between electrically charged particles. Quantum mechanically, two quantum particles can interact by exchanging photons in many different ways. One of the tenets of quantum electrodynamics is that you have to average all possible configurations of different ways 2 particles can interact. In fact, one of the weird aspects of quantum mechanics is that you can’t say which specific interaction happened. They all did, and they all need to be taken into account. When you add them all up, you find that the sum of all interactions looks very much like the classical picture. In this way, the simplified quantum idea of individual photon exchanges can connect to the familiar classical world of a smooth electromagnetic field. QED is the most accurate theory ever devised.
NOTE: Charge has to do with the gradient of consistency.
QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon of a group of particles being generated, interacting, or sharing spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum state of each particle of the group cannot be described independently of the state of the others, including when the particles are separated by a large distance.
QUANTUM MECHANICS The fundamental feature of quantum mechanics that distinguishes it from classical mechanics is that particles of a particular type are indistinguishable from one another. Thus, the “particles” of quantum mechanics together form a uniform medium. In atoms, the electronic region seems to be layered on a gradient of consistency. These layers do not overlap or cross each other per Pauli Exclusion Principle.
QUANTUM NUMBERS The quantum numbers describe values of conserved quantities in the dynamics of a quantum system. Together, a specification of all of the quantum numbers of a quantum system fully characterize a basis state of the system, and can in principle be measured together.
QUANTUM “PARTICLES” Quantum “particles” are not really discrete particles; but they have a very high consistency like syrup. Quantum “particles” participate in discrete interactions like matter.
QUANTUM SPINOR STRUCTURE A quantum spinor structure is a generalization of the classical concept of a spinor structure in differential geometry, applied to quantum spaces, particularly those described by noncommutative geometry. It involves constructing quantum analogs of classical spinor-related objects like Dirac operators and spinor bundles within the framework of quantum principal bundles. This allows for the study of quantum phenomena, including those related to Dirac operators on quantum spaces like Hopf fibrations.
QUANTUM STATE A quantum state is a state of a quantized system which is described by a set of quantum numbers.
QUANTUM SUBSTRATE DYNAMICS (QSD) Quantum Substrate Dynamics (QSD) is a proposed field theory where mass, gravity, and inertia emerge from phase-stable excitations within a physical substrate, rather than being fundamental properties. It is a Lorentz-invariant model that attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity by describing phenomena like black holes as fluidic phase transitions. QSD posits that gravity arises from tension gradients in the substrate, inertia comes from resistance at coherence boundaries, and mass is a “coherence-locked phase lattice”.
QUANTUM VACUUM In quantum field theory, the quantum vacuum state is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy. Generally, it contains no physical particles. The term zero-point field is sometimes used as a synonym for the vacuum state of a quantized field which is completely individual.
QUBIT A qubit, or quantum bit, is the basic unit of quantum information, analogous to a bit in classical computing. Unlike bits, which can be either 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a superposition of both states simultaneously, or even in a combination of both, represented as a quantum state. This unique property allows quantum computers to perform complex calculations that are impossible for classical computers.
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SPACE Space is the metric of distances.
SPACETIME Spacetime is, according to Einstein’s description, a mathematical construct and has no material properties. Spacetime is a metric.
SPINOR FIELD A spinor field is a quantum field that describes particles with half-integer spin, like electrons, protons, and neutrons. Unlike scalar or vector fields, spinor fields transform under a specific representation of the rotation or Lorentz group, known as the spin representation. This means that when rotated by 2π radians, a spinor field does not return to its original state, but it does when rotated by 4π radians.
NOTE: Spinor field is some kind of a mathematical structure that is being assigned to thought substance. This structure has the property of oneness (continuity, consistency and harmony).
SPINOR SUBSTRATE “Spinor substrate” refers to the influence of a substrate material on the spin properties of materials deposited on it, particularly in the context of spintronics and quantum technologies. The substrate can affect the spin state of molecules, the spin-orbit splitting in surface alloys, and the dynamics of spin qubits.
NOTE: This is basically talking about the effect of thought on matter along the lines of oneness (continuity, consistency and harmony).
SPIN QUBITS Spin qubits are a type of qubit, the basic unit of quantum information, that utilizes the spin of an electron or other particle to encode quantum information. These qubits are a leading candidate for building scalable quantum computers due to their small size, potential for high density, and compatibility with established semiconductor manufacturing techniques.
SUBSTANCE Substance is that which is substantial enough to be sensed and perceived. We may divide the substance of this universe into three categories: (1) matter, (2) radiation, and (3) thought. Matter has extremely high consistency called mass. Radiation has a such small consistency that it is considered to have no mass. Thought has still less consistency that cannot be sensed physically. It can only be sensed mentally. Consistency means “a degree of density, firmness, viscosity, etc.” We have decreasing consistency from matter to radiation to thought. Matter and radiation are considered to be physical substances. Thought is considered to be a metaphysical substance, or even a spiritual substance.
SUBSTRATE QSD (Quantum Substrate Dynamics) proposes a coherent, underlying physical field from which phenomena like mass and gravity emerge.
NOTE: Substrate simply refers to substance (matter, radiation and thought).
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TAUTOLOGY Tautology is a needless repetition of an idea, especially in words other than those of the immediate context, without imparting additional force or clearness. The opposite of tautology is getting a better understanding of an idea by looking at it more closely, and expressing it using simple but richer language. This requires seeing things as they are, as in mindfulness. Metaphors may satisfy subjective feelings, but to carry critical thinking forward one needs terminology accompanied by simple but precise definitions. What guides one toward increasing refinement is the awareness of CONSISTENCY among all phenomena. This is the essence of the Scientific Method. Ultimate refinement comes down to the postulates one is reasoning from. The challenge then becomes communicating one’s postulates in the simplest language possible.
TIME Time is the metric of the rate and duration of an observed action.
TIME DILATION Time dilation is a phenomenon predicted by Einstein’s theory of relativity where the passage of time is not absolute but relative to the observer’s frame of reference. Essentially, clocks in motion relative to each other will tick at different rates. This difference can be due to differences in velocity or gravitational potential.
TORSIONAL CYCLES Torsional cycles, in the context of mechanics and materials science, refer to the twisting or rotating motion around a central axis, often involving cyclical or repeating patterns of twisting. In mathematics and algebraic geometry, “torsion” refers to a specific property of algebraic cycles, which are geometric objects defined by polynomial equations, and can be related to twisting or rotational symmetries in these spaces.
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VACUUM ENERGY Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire Universe. The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum. Unsolved problem in physics: Why does the zero-point energy of the vacuum not cause a large cosmological constant?
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WAVE-FUNCTION COLLAPSE NOTE: This phrase essentially refers to a POSTULATE.
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ZERO POINT ENERGY Zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Einstein made the postulate that the velocity of light is absolute. To maintain that postulate, Einstein had to abandon the classical notions of absolute time and space. He introduced the concept of spacetime, where time is relative and can dilate (pass more slowly) based on an object’s motion, while the space contracts in the direction of motion. The mathematics also led to mass and energy being interchangeable. This approach resolved the apparent contradictions between classical mechanics and electromagnetism.
However, Einstein’s postulate applies only to inertial frames of reference. The inertia relates to matter only. Matter has a very limited range of velocities. This whole range is very small compared to the velocity of light. Therefore, SR applies only to a small range of velocities observed for matter.
To obtain relative velocity, the velocities of matter that are not too different can simply be added or subtracted. This is the Newtonian formula for relative velocities. It works because the corresponding mass/inertia are not very different.
The Newtonian formula does not work well when the velocities are very different. This is because the associated mass/inertia is also significantly different. In this case, the relative velocity cannot be obtained by simple addition/subtraction. SR provides a better approximation.
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According to the theory of Substance,
The velocity of a particle in free space is constant because its motion is balanced by the inertia of its mass (consistency). The motion increases as the consistency decreases.
SR seems to take into account this balance of motion and inertia indirectly, within the range of motion for matter. But this is not obvious; as SR tries to explain it through time dilation compensating space contraction.
According to the theory of Substance, a faster moving object in space has a greater reduction of inertia than a slower moving object, and this needs to be taken into account. The reduced inertia is accompanied by increased wavelength and reduced frequency. So the space of the object expands instead of contracting; and the frequency of the object, that determines the time of the clock, slightly decreases. The idea of time dilation only means reduction in clock’s ticking.
Please note that the larger velocities for matter, closer to the velocity of light, are meaningless because at those velocities the wavelength has increased so much, and the frequency has decreased so much, that matter has literally transformed into energy.
SR produces results because the velocity of light is so very large compared to applicable range of velocities for matter that it remains constant.
