Vinaire's Blog

Space and time are not the primary concepts in science. Space appears as the external characteristic of size, and the internal characteristic of force. Time appears as the external characteristic of velocity, and the internal characteristic of duration. Therefore, space and time are the characteristics of some primary concept.

The primary concept of this universe is aether (substance).

NOTE: The 19th century concept of “stationary aether” was discredited, and correctly so. There is no stationary and uniform aether. But there is aether in the original sense of substance. Currently physics narrowly identifies the word “substance” with matter. Light is not matter, but, more correctly, light is a substance.

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Aether as Substance

From ancient times, aether has denoted the ‘substance that permeated the cosmos’, from which the stars and planets were made. Aether expresses itself as light and the stars that shine so brightly. As shown in the last chapter, aether may be presented as the following spectrum of substance.

1. Black Hole material
2. Nuclear matter
3. Electronic particles
4. Gamma radiation
5. X-ray radiation
6. Ultraviolet radiation
7. Visible radiation
8. Infrared radiation
9. Terahertz radiation
10. Microwave radiation
11. Radio waves
12. Gravity
13. Space
14. Void
15. Emptiness

Emptiness is the reference point for all phenomena. Void is the reference point for the physical phenomena only. Anything that can be detected physically is substance with innate force. For example, light can be detected; therefore, light is a substance with innate force. Once there is force there is also momentum and energy, but those are secondary concepts.

The primary concept is the innate force of substance. Substance of minimum density appears as space. Substance of maximum density appears as matter.

Aether is correctly interpreted as SUBSTANCE that has the innate characteristic of FORCE. Substance is not limited to matter.

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The Scale of Substance

Minimum density represents the flimsiest of force fields. As density increases this force field gets stronger and appears as electromagnetic fluid. The density of this “fluid” increases with frequency until it forms the electronic “particles” inside the atom. The density of these “particles” increases very rapidly inside the atom to form the material nucleus. Parallel to increasing density is the increasing duration of substance.

The physical substance starts with space and ends in matter. This gives us a scale of substance.

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Einstein’s Relativity

Einstein’s theory of Relativity looks at this scale from the viewpoint of matter. It gives us a scale of velocity increasing from matter to light. From this viewpoint, the speed of the flimsiest of force fields shall be the highest reaching an infinite value for space.

Einstein’s theory, however, interprets space shrinking and duration increasing with increasing velocity. This means that density increases with increasing velocity. This contradicts the logical view given above. The theory of relativity also contradicts the fact that as the velocity increases, the size of the quantum particle increases also.

The interpretation of Einstein’s theory of relativity is quite opposite to the reality of this primary concept as the scale of substance.

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Since ancient times, aether has been theorized as a substance that permeates the cosmos. Aether did not play any part in Newton’s corpuscular theory of light. But when light was discovered to have wave properties, physicist started to consider light as a disturbance that traveled through aether. This meant that light was pure motion, or “pure energy”. This was contrary to Newton’s corpuscular theory that treated light as rapidly moving particles (substance in motion).

The classical assumption was that light was a wave motion (pure energy) traveling in aether.

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Faraday

Faraday saw that atomic particles touched each other through force that existed between them. The lines of force became a powerful reality to him in the electrical and magnetic phenomena. He saw force as an extension of matter. Matter was concentrated lines of force. This was consistent with Newton’s view that equated matter with an “innate force”. To Faraday, force became a much finer form of substance.

In his paper on Thoughts on Ray Vibrations (1846), Faraday says,

“The view which I am so bold to put forth considers, therefore, radiation as a kind of species of vibration in the lines of force which are known to connect particles and also masses of matter together. It endeavors to dismiss the aether, but not the vibration.”

According to Faraday light was a vibration in the lines of force that connected particles of matter. Force was the substance of light.

Thus Faraday returned to Newton’s idea of light as “substance in motion”.

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Maxwell

Maxwell focused on the mathematical description of the electromagnetic force outlined by Faraday. He saw electromagnetism as a study in states of stress and strain. In seeking consistency with Newtonian dynamics, Maxwell basically treated electrical lines of potential as having uniform density same as material particles. He used the concept of aether, which is uniform throughout space.

Maxwell did not fully implement Faraday’s conception of lines of force. These lines, through their varying thickness, represented varying density of “force substance”. He, therefore, missed the phenomenon of quantization discovered later by Einstein.

Thus, Maxwell adhered to wave theory and popularized the concept of pure energy. According to this theory, the energy density of light was proportional to the square of the amplitude. Maxwell’s equations do not describe the motion of charged particles but the effect that passes through them at the speed of light.

In Maxwell’s model, light remained a wave motion (pure energy) traveling in aether.

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Einstein

In his 1905 paper on light quanta, Einstein set up a model of blackbody radiation similar to the model in kinetic theory of gases. He then reached the following conclusion.

“We thus reach the conclusion: the higher the energy density and the longer the wavelengths of radiation, the more usable is the theoretical basis used by us; for short wavelengths and low radiation densities, however, the basis fails completely”.

Einstein showed that Maxwell’s classical assumption is valid at longer wavelengths (low frequencies). As frequency increases the energy distribution becomes more discontinuous in space like particles. Einstein thus showed that Planck’s postulate of energy quanta was more than just a mathematical device.

But Einstein also assumed radiation to be vibrations in aether. As variable frequency required a medium of variable density, aether of constant density could not serve. Einstein, therefore, dropped the idea of aether, and decided that light was “vibrations in mathematical space”.

Einstein kept the classical concept that light is “pure energy”, except he replaced Maxwell’s constant aether by a variable mathematical space.

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Quantum Mechanics

Einstein concludes in his 1905 paper:

“According to the assumption considered here, when a light ray starting from a point is propagated, the energy is not continuously distributed over an ever increasing volume, but it consists of a finite number of energy quanta, localised in space, which move without being divided and which can be absorbed or emitted only as a whole”.

This is the view of light quanta as “pure energy” in a mathematical space of variable density. Contrast this with light as a substance of variable density moving in real space. The latter is the proposal of Faraday of vibrating lines of force of variable thickness in real space.

Like Maxwell, Einstein also couldn’t see light to be made up of a “force field” that had variable density in real space (see the chapter The Quantum Particle). This created confusion between real and mathematical space, and placed quantum mechanics on a firm mathematical footing. 

Both classical and quantum mechanics view light as “pure energy” that requires either aether or mathematical “substance” for its existence.

The actual breakdown of classical mechanics occurred when the idea of quantum confirmed light to be a “substance in motion” and not a “motion in hypothetical aether”.

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As shown in the chapter on Mass Density and Field, the range of mass density was extended greatly with the discovery of the nuclear and electronic regions in the atom.

The density of ordinary matter is the average of the nuclear and electronic mass densities. This is so for solids and liquids. For gases the atoms and molecules are separated by space filled with electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

The mass density of electronic and other fields is beyond the range of material densities. In fact the mass density of field, in general, is so low that it is replaced by an equivalent “energy” value. 

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Equivalency of Mass and Energy

Einstein’s famous equation, E = mc² shows that the energy to mass ratio is c² to 1. Therefore, it is practical to represent infinitesimal measures of mass by an equivalent energy value that can be measured.

The mass density of the electronic region is so small that we represent it by an equivalent energy value. But that does not mean that the electronic field is not a substance.

The electronic field does not stop being a substance, just because its mass is represented by equivalent energy value.

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Motion of Electrons

Motion exists because substance changes its location in space. The greater is the duration of substance the longer it stays at a location and the lesser is its motion. That means the more enduring a substance is the smaller is its inherent motion.

We notice that ephemeral substances do not have as much endurance as solid objects. Therefore, mass density is a direct measure of the endurance and inherent motion of a substance. The lesser is the mass density, the greater is its inherent motion. We see this in the inherent motion of the electronic substance relative to the nucleus.

In the atom, the electronic region is in rapid motion relative to the nucleus because of the large mass density differential.

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Motion: Matter versus Field

The mass density of electromagnetic (EM) radiation is much less than the mass density of the electronic region in the atom. In general, the mass densities in the field region are many orders of magnitude less than the mass densities in the material region. This is reflected in the velocity of light being many orders of magnitude greater than the velocity of a material body, such as, the earth.

It appears that the lesser is the mass density of a substance, the greater is its velocity. This velocity is indicative of an intrinsic motion, and not of relative motions. There are many examples of intrinsic motion in the macroscopic material world in the form of the brownian motion and in the agitation of gas molecules.

There exists instrinsic motion in substances due to differences in their mass densities.

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Motion of Matter

The mass density in the material region may be called inertia. This is so with solid and liquids where atoms are concentrated. Gases shall be excluded from this consideration unless they are liquefied or frozen.

We may, therefore, expect a material object to be fixed in its natural velocity. If the material object is forced to accelerate by the application of external force, it will return to its natural velocity when that force is removed. This conclusion modifies what Newton proposed.

If a material object is continually accelerated by the application of a constant force (as in a gravitational field), then its inertia might decrease. This change, however, may be imperceptible because of energy to mass ratio is c² to 1.

The following conclusions of the theory of special relativity become questionable.

• Does mass increases with increasing velocity? The opposite appears to be true.
• Can a material object be accelerated to the velocity of light without reducing its inertia? This doesn’t seem to be so.

Many scientific beliefs have been inspired by incorrect interpretations of mathematics, as in the case of the special theory of relativity.

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Motion of Field

The mass density of the EM radiation may be approximated by its frequency. The higher is the frequency the greater seems to be the mass density of the field. We may, therefore, expect the velocity of the field substance to decrease with increasing frequency.

The velocity of light that has been measured is essentially the velocity of visible light. We assume this velocity to be the same throughout the EM spectrum, but that may not be so. This assumption is the outcome of Maxwell’s theory, which, by default, assumes constant mass density for aether, the medium of whole EM spectrum.

The gravitational field is expected to have much lesser mass density and frequency than those in the EM spectrum. Therefore, its velocity is expected to be much higher than the velocity of light

On the basis of mass density the speed of gravitational field is expected to be much greater than the velocity of light.

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Absolute Motion

Absolute motion is the motion that does not depend on anything external to the moving object for its existence or specific nature. Thus, the motion, which depends only on the mass density of the substance, may be deemed absolute.

A substance of infinite inertia is expected to be at absolute rest. In other words, any substance at absolute rest shall have infinite inertia. If there is stationary aether, its inertia would be infinite. The empty space has zero inertia. Therefore, empty space shall have infinie velocity.

Einstein was right to discard the notion of stationary aether.

Acceleration is the change in velocity relative to the velocity of the object. Therefore, acceleration shall also fall under the category of absolute motion. Acceleration may also be seen as change in relative velocity. Relative velocity however, cannot be determined without an external reference. But acceleration can be sensed in one’s bones without an external reference.

Absolute motion exists.

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