RADIATION

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BLACK BODY
(1859) Black body… discovery of radiation (light, emission spectrum) as field-substance… Mechanical-substance in equilibrium with field-substance based on temperature only… Temperature defines the state of activity of the substance…

BLACK-BODY RADIATION (Notes)
1. Black Body
2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium
3. Equipartition Theorem
4. Rayleigh-Jeans Law
5. Ultraviolet Catastrophe
6. Black-body Radiation

(1900) Blackbody radiation… Electromagnetic energy could only be emitted in quantized form…

All consistencies of the EM spectrum are in equilibrium with each other. These consistencies occur in precise steps. This spectrum goes all the way up to the electron.

—C—

‘c’ (UNIVERSAL CONSTANT)
The space and time are related through the consistency of substance. This relationship yields the universal constant ‘c’.

CLASSICAL TO QUANTUM MECHANICS
1. Field-Matter Interactions
2. Derivation of Planck’s Radiation Law

COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
In cosmology, the cosmological constant, alternatively called Einstein’s cosmological constant, is the constant coefficient of a term that Albert Einstein temporarily added to his field equations of general relativity.

COSMOLOGY
Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future. According to NASA, the definition of cosmology is “the scientific study of the large scale properties of the universe as a whole.”

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EINSTEIN’S POSTULATES
Einstein provided a new theory of motion. He postulated that

1. The laws of physics are the same for everyone. The universe plays no favorites and doesn’t decide on who is moving and who isn’t.
2. The speed of light is measured to be the same for everyone. Two people who are moving at very different speeds will both measure the speed of light to be the same.

NOTE: The relative speeds in material domain are so small that, compared to the speed of light, they are practically zero.

We can say, light has a natural speed. It is relative to other speeds. Similarly, light has a natural consistency. It is relative to other consistencies. Thus, substance has properties of motion and consistency. They are inversely lated.

ELECTRIC CONSTANT (ε₀)
ε₀ is called permittivity of free space. Permittivity is a property of all materials. It is related to how an external electrical field will affect charges within a medium. In free space there are no charges to affect, unless the permittivity of space is the minimum value tied into the nature of space and time in a way that we do not fully understand. ε₀ contains information about how strong the electric force is when you remove considerations of charge and distance… 

ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
Electromagnetic Force has extremely large range, stronger at shorter distances. Electromagnetic force involves charges; but the weak force doesn’t. Seems like the electromagnetic force is due to steeper gradient of consistency than the weak force.

ENERGY (EINSTEIN)
Einstein essentially discovered that light was a substance that had a consistency much less than that of matter, which gave it a much greater motion. Because of its imperceptible consistency and much greater motion, light was recognized as “pure” energy, because, until then, energy was related to the motion of matter. 

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GAMMA RADIATION
Gamma radiation is governed by electromagnetic force.

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LIGHT
Light is a substance of consistency within a certain range that is much less than the range of consistency of matter. In fact, the universal constant of the speed of light is actually the ratio of the average consistency of matter to the average consistency of light.

—M—

MAGNETIC CONSTANT (μ₀)
The constant μ₀ a magnetic analog, permeability of free space, from Ampere’s Law, which describes how a magnetic field affects magnets in a medium.

MAGNETISM
Use in compasses… one end points North… Oersted (1819) discovered that electric current in a wire deflected the needle of a compass. Electric current in the wire generated a magnetic field. The wire makes a magnetic field that has a circular shape, and it doesn’t have north and south poles. Faraday (1831) discovered that changing magnetic field caused current in the wire… electricity and magnetism are related… this was a pivotal moment in the history of technology. Maxwell (1861) published Maxwell’s Equations that put all the earlier work together showing that electricity and magnetism are one and the same. Derivative form of these equations led to crucial insight; it led to classical wave equation. The constant was related to the speed of light; it showed that light was an electromagnetic wave.

MASS (REST)
Rest mass is the mass of an object that is at rest relative to you, and because you can move faster than the object to push it. 

MASS (RELATIVISTIC)
The term ‘relativistic mass’ was invented to convey the idea that it is harder to push a moving object, as you have to be moving faster than the object to push it. It is a misconception that a particle’s mass gets bigger as it speeds up.

MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
Maxwell’s equations led to the concept that light is an electromagnetic wave; but to a wrong visualization. Just because similar math applies to transverse waves of ripples in water, does not necessarily mean that light can be visualized as having ripples. But that is how light is shown in all scientific illustrations. Light is a fluid-like smooth flow in space of a very diffused substance. The electrical and magnetic fields are internal states that convert into each other at a very rapid rate, but that has nothing to do with how light appears in space except for its color. There are no ripples of light existing in some medium. This is a great illustration of a matter-centric view that we carry, and which has led to many misunderstandings. Just like the word “particle,” the word “wave” has also led to the wrong visualization of substance other than matter. The best way to visualize substance is in terms of the CONSISTENCY of its FIELD.

MOTION (Inherent)
Motion is relative looseness of substance. The tighter and more rigid is the substance, the less motion it contains. The looser and more flexible is the substance, the more motion it contains. The opposite of motion is inertia. The lesser is the inertia the greater is the motion. Light is extremely loose substance. Thought is looser still.

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—Q—

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RADIATION
(1905) Einstein theoretically derives the equivalence of matter and energy. This basically establishes the validity of electromagnetic radiation as a substance.

RELATIVITY
(1905) Einstein publishes his Special Theory of Relativity. This takes advantage of the large difference in quantization between field-substance and material-substance.

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—T—

—U—

—V—

—W—

—X—

X-RAYS
(1895) Discovery of X-rays… Highly energetic photons… Greater penetration into material-substance.

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