Reference: Postulate Mechanics
The Spectrum of Substance
Einstein, in his discovery of quantum, did miss out on the spectrum of substance because he has not fully worked out the philosophic foundation. Please see The Foundation.
This spectrum is pointed out in the Theory of Substance as follows:
Substance of very high consistency in the nucleus of an atom may still be called mass, because it appears as “solid particles.” In contrast, the substance filling the rest of the atom (electrons) is of lower consistency, and it appears as “liquid particles.” The substance beyond the boundary of the atom (electromagnetic radiation) is of very low consistency, and it appears as “gaseous particles.”
For electromagnetic radiation (EMR), the consistency is indicated by the frequency/wavelength. Using de Broglie’s equations, the equivalent frequency/wavelength may be determined for the substance inside an atom that makes up matter; and therefore its consistency. This then provides a spectrum of substance in terms of its consistency.
CONSISTENCY AND SPECTRUM
The consistency may be measured in terms of doubling of frequency. The frequency is usually defined as a power of 10 for EMR. So we may say,
Consistency (C) = log f / log 2
We may calculate the consistency of the substance inside the atom as follows:
De Broglie Equation, λ = h/p,
where h is Planck’s constant, and p is momentum of the “particle” of substance.
Frequency: f = c/λ = (c/h) p = 4.528 x 1041 p
Consistency (C) = (log f) / (log 2) = 138.4 + 3.322 log p
Knowing the mass and velocity, we may calculate the momentum; and then the consistency of a mass particle inside the atom. The spectrum of substance then appears as follows:
This spectrum shows that the the transition from “solid” to “liquid” particles at the boundary of the nucleus must overcome a large difference in consistency from 77.6 to 66.7. But the transition from “liquid” to “gaseous” particles at the boundary of the atom is quite smooth at a consistency around 65-66.
CHARGE IN THE ATOM
The large gap at the boundary of the nucleus is likely to generate much tension. No wonder that the charge in the atom is generated at this boundary.
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
The understanding that electrons are “liquid particles,” and photons are “gaseous particles,” resolves the riddle of wave-particle duality, because such particles can split and combine back in the Double-slit experiment.
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Comments
thank you for this reference on rigidity. You are postulating an index from which you assign a range in value to the photon. The unit of light which can be both wave and particle, depending on its function. The mathematics constructed is to support the mechanics of quantum theory, with respect to the speed of light, which is proclaimed to be a constant ? However, the model in which I am responding to in my question of the assumption c = constant is not at the sub atomic level. The practicality of anything measurable to determine corresponding values of distance over time is the reality in which I perceive the behaviour of light consisting of particles of mass in the observable universe. It is my understanding that constants are derived to facilitate the mathematical models that enable you to extrapolate the predictability of substances. The information provided does not prove c is a constant, for that must be measured appropriately, and exactly to the point of reference for the purpose in which I cannot summarize from your post. So bear with me again to answer the question, how does light travel from its source , 0 – 3.0 x 10^9 m/s without accelerating ?
Glen Hanna, welcome to my blog.
First of all I want to say that a photon is a drop-like particle with dimensions. It is not a “point particle” with no dimensions, such that it cannot be split. That is an incorrect picture presented by quantum mechanics.
The mathematics in this document is constructed to support the reality of substance per the Theory of Substance (see the link at the top of the document).
The whole scale of rigidity index (RIM) presented here exists at the subatomic level. The value of “c” provides the ratio of the rigidity of matter to the rigidity of light. This ratio is a constant for all practical purposes. An approximate calculation is shown at the bottom of this document. The speed of light happens to be associated with “c”.
The concept of speed as distance over time is related to matter only. The concept of acceleration also applies to matter only. These concepts may apply to light in a somewhat different manner. Please see the essay on The Matter-centric Fixation.