Reference: Disturbance Theory
.
The disturbance theory postulates that the continuum of substance from emptiness to matter is formed by field. The field is not invisible. It appears to us as “empty space”. A vacuum is not entirely empty even when there are no atoms and molecules of matter. There is still field in that vacuum because its extension is manifested as space.
Substance is made up of field and matter. Field is back and forth interchanges of electric and magnetic energy like the interchanges of kinetic and potential energy in a pendulum. Matter is the “condensed” form of field.
The field has a frequency structure. That frequency structure is maintained when a disturbance propagates through the field. Therefore, there is inertia at the level of the field also. There are disturbances in the field of numerous frequencies that may be plotted on a scale. Thus there is a broad spectrum of frequencies of which the known electromagnetic spectrum is a part This also provides us with a spectrum of inertia.
The field is continuous throughout; but a disturbance in it has frequency cycles that are quantized. In other words, the frequency cycles can be counted. Only complete frequency cycles participate in any interaction. Therefore, all interactions in the field are quantized. Emission and absorption of such cycles as a group during interactions produces the concept of quanta.
As frequency increases the structure of disturbance becomes denser. Within the field there is continuous gradient among disturbances of different frequencies. The frequency gradient comprises force, which is balanced by rotary motion in the field. Thus there are vortices in which frequency increases rapidly toward the center. This leads to increasingly denser structure of disturbance toward the center of a vortex. This gives us the particles of quantum mechanics.
When the frequency gradient is not balanced by the rotary motion, there is an imbalance of forces. This imbalance appears as “charge”. When the gradient is overcompensated by the rotary motion the charge appears as “negative”. When the gradient is undercompensated by the rotary motion, the charge appears as “positive”. An electron is such a vortex particle within the field that has negative charge at its surface. The condensing field within the electron appears as the beginning of mass.
Beyond a certain threshold, the frequency structure of disturbance collapses into solid mass. This occurs at the center of the vortex. A proton is a vortex particle of a much higher frequency. In a proton the frequency structure at the center has collapsed into solid mass. It also has an unbalanced frequency gradient at its surface that appears as positive charge. A neutron, on the other hand, is very similar to the proton in terms of mass, but its frequency gradient is matched by its rotary motion resulting in no charge.
The disturbance theory postulates that atoms are much larger and complex vortices in the electromagnetic field. The frequency gradients within an atom are mostly balanced by rotary motions and it is by and large neutral in terms of charge, except near its surface. This produces stable and discrete configurations that are neatly arranged as the periodic table.
An atomic configuration may range from negative to neutral to positive. An atom is a single vortex particle, but it is assumed to be made of electrons, protons and neutrons. This is because the mass of atomic configurations can be approximated as integer multiple of much heavier protons and neutrons; and because electrons, protons and neutrons are commonly observed during atomic interactions. But there are other quantum particles that have been observed during more energetic atomic level collisions. The Standard Model of particle physics has been derived from such observations.
The disturbance theory postulates that there are no discrete particles embedded within the atom, and that they are generated during atomic level interactions. Each and every quantum particle is a vortex in the field of different dimension. It either maintains a stable frequency structure or it decays back into the background field.
.
