KHTK Factor # 18: The forms may endure because of the fixed considerations of the viewpoint.
There comes about an attachment to forms. Thereby, one’s original purpose “to know” gets corrupted into to a fixation on certain postulates and considerations. The human viewpoint then resorts to making those forms and underlying considerations and postulates survive.
There is nothing wrong with the human effort is to make life better through arts and sciences. It is the attachment to one’s forms and viewpoint that drags one down.
.
Scientology
Compare the above to the following factor in Scientology.
Scientology Factor # 18. It is the opinion of the viewpoints that some of these forms should endure. Thus there is survival.
Survival has the connotation of attachment and fixation. This attachment and fixation is the source of all suffering.
.
Logic
Logic must have the purpose to resolve anomalies; and not just to make certain ideas and forms endure.
The Buddha gives the bhikkhus a long account of his own quest for enlightenment from the time of his life in the palace up to his transmission of the Dhamma to his first five disciples.
.
MN 26 Summary
(1 – 4) Introduction
(5 – 12) Out of affinity one seeks those things that are similar to him; but this is a form of fixation of attention (attachment). For example, a person is subject to birth, aging, sickness, death, sorrow, and defilement. So, he searches for things that are also subject to birth, aging, sickness, death, sorrow, and defilement. This is ignoble search. The noble search is seeking of nibbana, which offers supreme security from these bondages.
(13 – 14) The young Gautama realized the dangers of the bondages of birth, aging, sickness, death, sorrow, and defilement. He, despite the tearful objections of his parents, shaved off his head, put on yellow robes, and went into homelessness in search of the supreme security of nibbana.
(15 – 18) The Dhamma of Alara Kalama enabled Gautama to reach the stage of “reappearance in the base of nothingness.” The Dhamma of Uddaka Ramaputta enabled enabled him further to reach the stage of “reappearance in the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception.” But Gautama was not satisfied because these Dhammas did not lead to the disenchantment, dispassion, cessation, peace, direct knowledge, and enlightenment of Nibbana.” Finally, Gautama settled down to strive on his own. All his effort then paid off. He attained nibbana with the realization, “My deliverance is unshakeable; this is my last birth; now there is no renewal of being.”
(19 – 24) The Dhamma that Gautama realized was specific conditionality, dependent origination, and the stilling of all formations. It could not be attained by mere reasoning. It was too subtle to be experienced even by the wise. Buddha felt that it would be difficult for people to see this truth, as they were so steeped in worldliness. He hesitated at the thought of teaching his Dhamma. Then he reconsidered that there will be those who will understand this Dhamma. Buddha prepared himself for a lifelong commitment. Both Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta had passed away; so he decided to teach the five monks who were helpful to him while he was striving. He chose them because he thought they would understand his Dhamma quickly.
(25 – 30) Buddha assumed the title of Tathagata—an Accomplished One, a Fully Enlightened One. The Tathagata does not live luxuriously, nor has he given up his striving and reverted to luxury. As Tathagata, Buddha taught his first five disciples. They attained nibbana.
(31 – 37) We learn through our five physical senses. The same senses provide sensual pleasure that is wished for. Connected with it is sensual desire that is provocative of lust. People who are thus stimulated are not under their own control. But, secluded from sensual pleasures, one can maintain applied and sustained thought. This is first jhana. With the stilling of applied and sustained thought, one enters upon the second jhana. Here one has self-confidence and singleness of mind. But there is also the rapture and pleasure born of seclusion. With the fading away as well of rapture there comes equanimity and mindful awareness, and one enters upon the third jhana. But one still feels pleasure with the body. With the abandoning of pleasure and pain, and with the previous disappearance of joy and grief, one enters upon the fourth jhana.
(38 – 42) With the complete surmounting of perceptions of form, with the disappearance of perceptions of sensory impact, with non-attention to perceptions of diversity, aware that ‘space is infinite,’ one enters upon the base of infinite space. Again, by completely surmounting the base of infinite space, aware that ‘consciousness is infinite,’ one enters upon and abides in the base of infinite consciousness. Again, by completely surmounting the base of infinite consciousness, aware that ‘there is nothing,’ one enters upon and abides in the base of nothingness. Again, by completely surmounting the base of nothingness, one enters upon and abides in the base of neither-pereeption-nor-non-perception. Again, by completely surmounting the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, one enters upon and abides in the cessation of perception and feeling. His taints are destroyed by his seeing with wisdom.
.
Great Observation
Out of affinity one seeks those things that are similar to him; but this is a form of fixation of attention (attachment).
Displacement Current, Maxwell’s Equations, Gauss’ Law, Magnetic Fields, Faraday’s Law, Ampere’s Law, Electromagnetic Waves, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Electromagnetic Wave Equation, Energy And Momentum Flux, Poynting Vector, Radiation Pressure
.
GLOSSARY
For details on the following concepts, please consult Chapter 12.
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT We know that the field within a parallel plate capacitor is uniform and is equal to E = q/ε0A, where q is the charge on the capacitor and A is the area of the capacitor. If the capacitor is being charged, then both q and E are changing, and we can write that ∆E/∆t = (∆q/∆t)/ε0A = ID/ε0A, where ID is the displacement current between the capacitor plates (compared to the conductor current in the wire).
Thus,
ID = ε0A(∆E/∆t) = ε0 (∆E A/∆t) = ε0 (∆ψ/∆t)
where ψ is the electric flux through the area.
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS These four equations are relationships between the electric and magnetic fields and their sources, charges and currents. The electric and magnetic fluxes are determined directly from the electric and magnetic fields and are not separate variables. Thus, these equations tell us how to calculate the electric and magnetic fields that are produced by charges, both at rest and moving. The particular form that we have used for these equations is not the most useful for actual calculations but is the easiest to understand conceptually. For purposes of calculations, these equations are expressed more formally in the language of the integral and differential calculus, which can then be solved for specific cases.
(1) GAUSS’ LAW The electric fields can be established by free charges. All electric field lines start at positive charges and end on negative charges (lines can also go to infinity, such as those of an isolated point charge, where they are presumed to land on opposite charges at that distance). By convention the number of electric field lines per unit area, the electric flux density, at a given point is chosen equal to the magnitude of the electric field at that point. It then equals the electric field at every other point as well. Gauss’ law then relates the total charge within a closed surface to the net number of electric field lines that pass through the surface.
(2) MAGNETIC FIELDS There are no magnetic monopoles that act as sources for a magnetic field. Therefore, magnetic fields do not have poles where they begin or end. All magnetic field lines must therefore close on themselves. This means that any magnetic field line that passes through a closed surface must necessarily pass through the surface again in the opposite direction, in order to close on itself. This means that the net total magnetic flux which passes through a surface is zero.
(3) FARADAY’S LAW An electric field can also be produced by a changing magnetic flux.
(4) AMPERE’S LAW The magnetic fields are created by currents, either conduction current or displacement current.
These four equations constitute Maxwell’s equations, which are the fundamental laws governing the existence of electric and magnetic fields, which are jointly called electromagnetic fields. Electric fields exert forces on any electrical charges, while magnetic fields exert forces on moving charges.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Maxwell was able to show that there were solutions to these equations that corresponded to waves propagating in free space, i.e., in regions where there are no charges or currents. These waves, which he called electromagnetic waves (EM) had special properties, which could be derived from these equations.
In the case of electromagnetic waves the time varying quantity is not the displacement but rather the electric and magnetic fields at a point in space.
These waves are transverse, and their speed, in free space is equal to
For a wave traveling in the x direction, the electric and magnetic fields associated with this wave are in the y-z plane. These fields are also perpendicular to each other, and that their magnitudes are given by:
E = cB
It is useful to consider electromagnetic waves that are sinusoidal. This means that if we take a picture of the wave at any time, the disturbance will vary sinusoidally in space along the direction of propagation. Furthermore, at any position is space, the disturbance will vary sinusoidally in time.
The disturbance associated with an electromagnetic wave is the electric and magnetic field along the wave. Light consists of electromagnetic waves in a certain frequency range to which the eye is sensitive and can “see”.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Electromagnetic waves exist with wavelengths ranging from very small to very large (and corresponding frequencies from very large to very small). The various possible wavelength (and frequency) ranges constitute the electromagnetic spectrum. For small frequencies the wave is usually denoted by its frequency, and for short wavelength it is denoted by its wavelength.
All of these waves travel with a speed of c, all are transverse, and all carry perpendicular electric and magnetic fields with them.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EQUATION The equation for the disturbance of an electromagnetic sinusoidal plane wave, traveling in the + x direction, is given in terms of its disturbance (an electric field in the y direction) by
Here ω is the angular frequency of the wave, and k is the “wavenumber” of the wave and has units of m-1. E0 is the maximum value of the electric field and is thus the amplitude of the wave.
For spherical waves, since the area of a spherical surface is 4πr2, the intensity falls off as l/r2. The amplitude of the wave, A, is related to the intensity by I α A2, and therefore A falls off as l/r. The formula for the magnitude of E is given by
ENERGY AND MOMENTUM FLUX The electric and magnetic fields contain energy (substance). The energy density is uE = ε0E2/2 for electric fields and uB = B2/2μ0 for magnetic fields. The electromagnetic energy of an electromagnetic wave is just the sum of the energies of its electric and magnetic fields. The maximum energy is located at those points where the fields are at their maxima, which occurs at the crests of these waves. But these crests move with time at a speed of c, and therefore the energy is transported in the direction that the wave travels at this speed. An electromagnetic wave, therefore, carries energy and momentum with it.
The average energy transported per unit area and time as the wave travels with speed c in the x direction is defined as the intensity:
POYNTING VECTOR The Poynting vector S depicts the direction and rate of transfer of energy, that is power,due to electromagnetic fields in a region of space. Its magnitude is EB/μ0, and its direction is perpendicular to E and B, and obeying the right-hand rule.
Whenever energy moves in a certain direction, there is also a certain amount of momentum in that direction. This is because energy is substance.
RADIATION PRESSURE One can use sunlight in space to not only supply power but to exert a force on a spacecraft. The force that is exerted on the surface can best be characterized by the force exerted per unit area, or pressure, P = F/A.
KHTK Factor # 17: The forms appear beautiful or ugly based on the considerations of the viewpoint.
Buddha said, “All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts.”
A person sees only what he considers, and not the totality of that reality. His reality is made up of what he has thought—good or bad. We cannot say that all that is good is the result of our thoughts, and all that is bad is the result of some other person’s thought.
.
Scientology
Compare the above to the following factor in Scientology.
Scientology Factor # 17. And the opinion of the viewpoint regulates the consideration of the forms, their stillness or their motion, and these considerations consist of assignment of beauty or ugliness to the forms and these considerations alone are art.
According to Hubbard, “One’s own universe is amenable to instantaneous creation and destruction, by himself and without argument.” This is not so. A person is bound by his own postulates that determine his individuality.
.
Logic
We are trying to approximate the reality with our postulates and reasoning. When we assign our thoughts to somebody else, we think we are no longer responsible for those thoughts. That is the source of all that is bad.
