Vinaire's Blog

Reference: Postulate Mechanics

The Spectrum of Substance

Einstein, in his discovery of quantum, did miss out on the spectrum of substance because he has not fully worked out the philosophic foundation. Please see The Foundation.

This spectrum is pointed out in the Theory of Substance as follows:

Substance of very high consistency in the nucleus of an atom may still be called mass, because it appears as “solid particles.” In contrast, the substance filling the rest of the atom (electrons) is of lower consistency, and it appears as “liquid particles.” The substance beyond the boundary of the atom (electromagnetic radiation) is of very low consistency, and it appears as “gaseous particles.”

For electromagnetic radiation (EMR), the consistency is indicated by the frequency/wavelength. Using de Broglie’s equations, the equivalent frequency/wavelength may be determined for the substance inside an atom that makes up matter; and therefore its consistency. This then provides a spectrum of substance in terms of its consistency.

CONSISTENCY AND SPECTRUM
The consistency may be measured in terms of doubling of frequency. The frequency is usually defined as a power of 10 for EMR. So we may say,

Consistency (C) = log f / log 2

We may calculate the consistency of the substance inside the atom as follows:

De Broglie Equation, λ = h/p,
where h is Planck’s constant, and p is momentum of the “particle” of substance.

Frequency: f = c/λ = (c/h) p = 4.528 x 10⁴¹ p

Consistency (C) = (log f) / (log 2) = 138.4 + 3.322 log p

Knowing the mass and velocity, we may calculate the momentum; and then the consistency of a mass particle inside the atom. The spectrum of substance then appears as follows:

This spectrum shows that the the transition from “solid” to “liquid” particles at the boundary of the nucleus must overcome a large difference in consistency from 77.6 to 66.7. But the transition from “liquid” to “gaseous” particles at the boundary of the atom is quite smooth at a consistency around 65-66.

CHARGE IN THE ATOM
The large gap at the boundary of the nucleus is likely to generate much tension. No wonder that the charge in the atom is generated at this boundary.

WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
The understanding that electrons are “liquid particles,” and photons are “gaseous particles,” resolves the riddle of wave-particle duality, because such particles can split and combine back in the Double-slit experiment.

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Reference: Essays on Substance

Continuity of Substance and Space

According to the criterion used by The Scientific Method, reality is continuous, consistent and harmonious. Therefore, in The Theory of Substance, the substance is postulated to be continuous, consistent and harmonious. This means that the substance is continuous even when it is divided into the categories of matter, energy and aether. To prove this one may show the movement of substance across these categories in either direction.

Space describes the dimensions of substance; and if substance is continuous then space must also be continuous. This continuity must exist regardless of the scale. If we can establish this continuity then a major disagreement between GR and QM can then be resolved.

The substance takes on different forms and configurations that can have sharply distinct boundaries. But if continuity exists, the substance should be able to move across these boundaries in either direction. The following boundaries may be examined:

1. Between atom and the surrounding electromagnetic region.
2. Between the nuclear region and the surrounding electronic region.
3. Among the electrons in the electronic region.
4. Among the nucleons within the nuclear region.

Point 3 and 4 above shall prove that nucleons and electrons are not mathematical “point particles” that can have exact locations within the atom. They are more like homogenous “fluid drops” with no definite locations. See The Atom.

The above reasoning is theoretically consistent. It may be verified by examining currently existing experimental data. Otherwise, new experiments can easily be designed.

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Reference: Essays on Substance

The Theory of Substance

At the end of the twentieth century, it was noticed that light, which was considered to have no mass, had momentum that could be sensed and measured. This defined light to be a substance just like matter. The equivalence of matter and energy (radiation) was then postulated by several scientists, and was made famous by Einstein through the equation E = mc².

NOTE: In the context of substance, energy is interpreted as radiation. It is not the same as the potential or kinetic energy that were concepts coined for matter only.

The theory of Substance is inspired by this equivalence of matter and energy (radiation). It defines substance as follows:

Substance is that which is substantial enough to be sensed. The degree of substantiality is its consistency. Consistency means “a degree of density, firmness, viscosity, etc.” The consistency of matter is called mass.

We can sense matter, radiation and thought. However, we place thought in the “black box” of aether because we do not know about it as a substance. This gives us three categories of substance as follows:

MATTER (MASS)
In classical mechanics mass is used for matter only. Mass is not used for light even when light has momentum. The classical concept of mass is, therefore, generalized as CONSISTENCY to cover all three categories of substance. For example, radiation is considered to have “no mass” but it has consistency.

Substance of very high consistency in the nucleus of an atom may still be called mass, because it appears as “solid mass particle.” In contrast, the substance filling the rest of the atom (electrons) is of lower consistency, and it appears as “liquid mass.” The substance beyond the boundary of the atom (electromagnetic radiation) is of very low consistency, and it appears as “gaseous mass.”

RADIATION (CONSISTENCY)
Radiation is the electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which is generalized as light. It is called “energy” because it has no mass; but it is not the same concept as the energy of matter. Here we address it as radiation that has consistency instead of mass, and has a very high inherent motion compared to matter. The consistency of radiation is many degrees of magnitudes lower than that of matter. In a manner, the consistency of radiation is represented by its frequency.

THOUGHT (AETHER)
“Aether” has been postulated since ancient times, and has been given different meanings at different times. It has been used as a “black box” for trying out different ideas. Aether was used as a medium in the wave theory of light. Maxwell used it as certain properties in developing his theory of electromagnetism. Einstein rejected the idea of aether as used in the wave theory of light, but did not outright deny its existence. Mathematically derived ideas of black matter and black energy are now part of this “black box.” Mathematics, basically, has a thought structure; and mathematically described aether shall essentially be a thought construct. The consistency of aether is predicted to be many orders of magnitude lower than even that of light. However, aether, or thought, occupies most of the volume of the universe.

Today this aether is described mathematically as a “field” through a complexity of mathematical symbols and relationships. However, it was described by Faraday very simply as lines of force that could thin out to an infinite degree.

According to the Theory of Substance, aether can be sensed, but in a manner very different from matter and energy. The sensing of aether as “thought” is real, as you can sense it when somebody is looking at you in a crowd, such as, from behind.

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Speed of Light

The theory of Relativity postulates that light has a unique velocity because it corresponds to zero mass, and its ratio with speed of matter is so large that it doesn’t change with change in speed of matter.

The theory of Substance postulates the following:

1. The velocity of substance, such as light, in free space is constant because its motion is balanced by the inertia of its consistency (mass).
2. The velocity of substance has an inverse relationship with its consistency. The motion increases as the consistency decreases.
3. From matter to radiation to thought, as the consistency decreases, the velocity increases.

The very fact that the speed of light is finite and constant, means that speed is in balance with a little bit of mass (consistency). If that consistency is reduced the velocity would increase. Einstein’s postulate works only because the speed of light is too large compared to the speed of matter to be affected by changes in the speed of matter.

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Gravity

Einstein’s General Relativity uses mathematical symbols and equations to express how gravity is governed by four-dimensional spacetime The theory of Substance describes the same relationships in more realistic terms as follows.

Not only motion, but consistency is also relative. All bodies arrange themselves dynamically in space such that their consistencies and motions are in equilibrium at all times. This describes gravity.

This is nature.

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