Motion-Inertia Relationship

Reference: Essays on Substance

Motion-Inertia Relationship

According to Motion and Gravity, motion increases as inertia decreases. This is visible on a cosmic scale. The reason Newton did not point to this relationship is because for changes in speeds of objects, the corresponding change in inertia is so small that it cannot be measured.

This observation adds to the Newton’s laws of motion. We may say,

When a particle of matter is accelerated, its mass decreases. The decrease in mass is proportional to the increase in its speed.

A little math for it is provided in the graphics below.

The configuration of a system of bodies in free space is determined strictly by the equilibrium among their consistency and motion, where consistency and motion are tightly related in an inverse relationship. This equilibrium is confused with the gravitational force of attraction. There is no one-way gravitational force of attraction. 

A constant velocity in free space means that the acceleration of the body is exactly balanced by its inertia. Thus, it becomes possible to control motion by controlling the inertia of a body, or vice versa. This is likely to be one of the areas of future technology.

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December 14, 2024 – 9:33 AM Categories: Postulate Mechanics | Post a comment

Motion and Gravity

Reference: Essays on Substance

Motion and Gravity

The moons revolve around their planet, the planets revolve around their sun, and the suns revolve around the center of their galaxies in perfect equilibrium. Such an equilibrium is dynamic in the sense that it continually adjusts to changing conditions. This describes the motion of the heavenly bodies in free space. 

In this free space, an object with infinite mass shall be fixed in its location because its inertia is infinite. Another object with lesser mass shall have lesser inertia, and it will have motion relative to the first object. It may seem that the first object also has motion relative to the second object but that would be an illusion. We thus have a measure of absolute motion in terms of inertia.

The most massive body with maximum inertia shall be at the center of the galaxy. We recognize that as a black hole. All other bodies in the galaxy are in an equilibrium of motion relative to this black hole according to their mass or inertia. Their position in space at any instant is determined by this equilibrium. We recognize this equilibrium as GRAVITY.

In general, there is a balance among motion and inertia of a system of bodies. Near infinite inertia will correspond to near zero motion. Near zero inertia shall correspond to near infinite motion. The lesser is the inertia, the greater is the motion. As the inertia of a body lessens its motion increases. Light has very large motion but it is still finite. That means that, though it is extremely small, light still has some measure of inertia or consistency. The presence of light, or electromagnetic energy, shall also contribute to the dynamic configuration of the overall gravity.

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December 13, 2024 – 6:58 AM Categories: Postulate Mechanics | Post a comment

Postulates in Hinduism

Reference: Postulate Mechanics

  1. The world is all that can be known
  2. The beginning, end, and all in-between.
  3. The goal of religion is to actualize the human potential.
  4. In Hinduism, this goal comes under the heading of Yoga.
  5. Yoga means “uniting” through disciplined training of body and mind.
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  6. There are multiple paths to this common destination
  7. Each for a basic spiritual personality type:
  8. Reflective, emotional, active and experimentalist.
  9. The first step of every yoga involves 
  10. the cultivation of good habits.
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  11. These good habits are: Non-injury, truthfulness, non-stealing, 
  12. Self-control, cleanliness, contentment, self-discipline.
  13. And a compelling desire to reach the goal. 
  14. Different spiritual personality types
  15. Seek the same Goa differently.
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    • .
  16. The reflective personality seeks the goal through knowledge.
  17. He reflects deeply to get at the bottom of things.
  18. He knows that he is not the things that he possesses.
  19. He is neither the body, nor the mind, nor his personality.
  20. This helps disentangle Self from its lesser identifications.
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  21. The emotional personality seeks the goal through love.
  22. God to him represents his chosen personal ideal.
  23. He worships God by constantly repeats God’s name,
  24. He directs toward God the love that lies at the base of his heart. 
  25. This helps transfer his worldly attachments to an attachment to God.
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    • .
  26. The active personality seeks the goal through work.
  27. He is dedicated to his work and performs it selflessly.
  28. He does each thing as if it were the only thing to be done.
  29. Having done it, he turns to the next duty in similar spirit. 
  30. The thought of self simply does not arise on this path.
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  31. The progress may be accelerated through psychophysical Exercises.
  32. Such exercises follow the path of contemplation.
  33. First one settles the bodily and sensual distractions with discipline.
  34. Then one settles the mental distractions by releasing them.
  35. Then one resolves the anomalies by contemplating over them.
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  36. Different stages of life call for their own appropriate conduct.
  37. The first stage in life till early twenties is that of the student.
  38. The second stage, beginning with marriage, is that of the householder.
  39. The third stage of life is that of retirement from social obligations.
  40. The final stage wherein the goal is actually reached is the state of the sannyasin.
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  41. People are different; so they occupy different stations in the social order.
  42. The brahmins stood supreme in honor and psychological power.
  43. The kshatriyas stood supreme In salary and social power.
  44. Next were the Vaishyas or producers, such as, artisans and farmers.
  45. The last were the Shudras, or unskilled laborers.
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  46. God is beyond things that can be sensed.
  47. God is pure beingness, awareness and bliss.
  48. God is also the archetype of the noblest reality.
  49. God is the Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer.
  50. God is the consistent whole.
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    • .
  51. As the soul passes through this world
  52. Living through all its incarnations.
  53. His present condition is the product of his past. 
  54. His present decisions determine his future.
  55. This world grants all his wishes, but with consequences.
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  56. It is a world of good-evil, pleasure-pain, knowledge-ignorance.
  57. And this is the way things will remain.
  58. This world is a training ground for the human spirit.
  59. God, souls and nature have the same divine basis.
  60. There are hallucinations, perceptions and superconsciousness.
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  61. The world is lila, God’s play.
  62. Everyone is like an actor on the stage.
  63. Seen in perspective, the world is ultimately benign.
  64. It has no permanent hell and threatens no eternal damnation.
  65. Beyond this world lies the boundless good, which all will achieve in the end.

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December 11, 2024 – 12:30 PM Categories: Postulate Mechanics | Post a comment

Ancient Greek Philosophers

Reference: The Story of Philosophy 


Homer (born c. 8th century BCE)

Homer’s philosophy, as reflected in his epic poems, encompasses several key themes:

  1. Divine intervention in human affairs: The gods actively participate in and influence human events. This supernatural causation is seen as more powerful than natural human agency.
  2. Whimsical nature of the gods: The gods are often portrayed as capricious and divided among themselves, leading to an unpredictable causal order in the natural world.
  3. Morality and power: Humans worship the gods not for their moral qualities but for their power. Ethical concepts are present but not consistently applied by gods or humans.
  4. Human agency and fate: While divine intervention is prominent, human actions and decisions also play a crucial role in shaping events.
  5. Heroism and honor: Homer’s works foster ideals of heroism, glory, and honor, which shaped ancient Greek culture and education.
  6. Limited transcendence: Homer suggests that humans can aspire to transcendence but should be wary of seeking total transcendence beyond the human condition.
  7. Tension between home and knowledge: The Odyssey explores the conflict between the desire for exploration and the longing for home, representing the human struggle between particular and universal aspects of existence.

Homer’s works served as a foundation for Greek religion, community, and knowledge. While later philosophers like Plato criticized Homer’s portrayal of the gods and morality, his influence on Greek thought and subsequent Western philosophy is undeniable.


Thales (c. 626/623  – c. 548/545 BC)

  1. Materialism: Thales believed that the physical world could be explained through natural, observable principles.
  2. Monism: He proposed that everything in the universe could be traced back to a single substance – water.
  3. Rational inquiry: Thales used observation and logical reasoning to develop his theories, setting a precedent for scientific investigation.
  4. Unification of nature: By proposing water as the fundamental substance, Thales attempted to find a unifying principle in nature.

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Pythagoras  (c. 570 – c. 495 BC)

  1. Mathematics as the foundation of reality: Pythagoras believed that numbers were the building blocks of the universe and that everything could be understood through numerical relationships.
  2. Metempsychosis: He taught the concept of the transmigration of souls, believing that the soul was immortal and would pass into another body after death.
  3. Ethical behavior: Pythagoras emphasized the importance of cultivating virtues like wisdom, courage, and self-control to achieve harmony and balance in life.
  4. Moderation: He advocated for restraint and self-discipline, believing that excess led to imbalance and disharmony1.
  5. Divine source: Pythagoras believed in a single, divine source of all things, which he called the Monad.
  6. Interconnectedness: He taught that everything in the universe was interconnected.
  7. Transcendent realm: Pythagoras believed in the existence of a transcendent realm of reality, which he called the world of Forms.
  8. Religious practices: He developed a system of religious beliefs and practices, including the worship of various gods and the use of music and dance in ceremonies.
  9. Dietary restrictions: Pythagoras prescribed a strict way of life that included dietary restrictions as part of religious ritual and self-discipline.

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Eleatic School (fl. 6th and 5th century BCE)

  1. Monism: a single, unchanging reality that is indivisible and eternal.
  2. Immutability: reality cannot change, and all perceived changes are mere illusions.
  3. Unity of Being: the true explanation of things lies in the conception of a universal unity of being.
  4. Rejection of Sensory Experience: relied on logical standards of clarity and necessity as criteria for truth.
  5. Denial of Change and Motion: change and motion are impossible… our senses deceive us.
  6. Logical Reasoning: Zeno of Elea, employed logical arguments and paradoxes to support their views.
  7. Critique of Pluralism: opposed the explanation of existence in terms of primary matter… opposed Heraclitus’ theory of perpetual change.

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Parmenides (fl. Just before 500 BC)

  1. Reality is One: all of reality is a single, unchanging, and indivisible entity.
  2. Change is Impossible: true reality cannot come into being or cease to exist. 
  3. Truth vs. Appearance: There is timeless truth and a false world of appearance. 
  4. Rejection of Nothingness: “nothing” cannot exist or be thought about. 
  5. Limitations of Sensory Perception: questioned the reliability of human senses.
  6. Logical Reasoning: employed deductive arguments to support his claims.

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Heraclitus (fl. 500 BCE)

  1. Universal flux: everything is constantly changing.
  2. Unity of opposites: opposites are interconnected and define each other… conflict and opposition are essential for creating unity.
  3. Fire as the fundamental element: fire represents change and energy. 
  4. Logos (reason or word): emphasized Logos as the universal principle governing all things.
  5. Nature of Reality: the true nature of reality was hidden from ordinary people.

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Zeno of Elea (c. 490-425 BCE)

  1. Monism: reality is a single, eternal, and unchanging entity called “Being”.
  2. Rejection of plurality and motion: claimed these concepts led to logical contradictions.
  3. Paradoxes: He developed a series of paradoxes, most famously those concerning motion.
  4. Critique of sense perception: sense perception is unreliable for understanding true reality.
  5. Use of reductio ad absurdum:  argumentative technique to deconstruct commonly held beliefs.
  6. Influence on dialectics: Used contradictory ideas to develop thinking.

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Protagoras (c. 490 BC – c. 420 BC)

  1. Relativism and Subjectivism
    1. Denied the existence of objective truth and values.
    2. Truth and knowledge are relative to individual perception and experience.
    3. What is perceived as true or false, good or bad, depends entirely on the individual’s perspective.
  2. Humanism
    1. Emphasized human interests and values. 
    2. Human experience and perception should form the basis of all knowledge and ethical decisions.
  3. Ethics and Politics
    1. Societies must create laws and moral codes through practical agreement.
    2. What is ‘right’ is what benefits the community and is agreed upon by its members.
  4. Rhetoric and Argumentation
    1. Emphasized the power of persuasive speech in shaping public opinion and policy.
  5. Agnosticism
    1. No means of knowing whether gods exist or not.
    2. Human life is too short.

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Gorgias (c. 485–c. 380 BCE)

  1. Ontology and Epistemology
    1. Nothing exists.
    2. Even if something exists, it is incomprehensible to humans.
    3. Even if it is comprehensible, it cannot be communicated or interpreted to others.
  2. Rhetoric and Logos
    1. Rhetoric is the supreme art, capable of persuading an audience on any subject.
    2. Logos (speech) is a “powerful lord” with effects comparable to drugs on the body.
    3. The orator had an ethical obligation to avoid deception
  3. Truth and Knowledge
    1. Absolute forms of knowledge or virtue do not exist. 
    2. Truth could only be found within a given moment.
    3. Effective argumentation is more important than universal truths.
  4. Virtue 
    1. Virtue was relative to each situation.
    2. Virtue varied between different roles and contexts.

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Empedocles (fl. 444–443 BC)

  1. Four Elements: all matter in the universe is composed of four root elements: earth, air, fire, and water. 
  2. Love and Strife: two opposing forces—Love and Strife—act upon the elements.
  3. Cosmic Cycle: The universe is continually undergoing the cycles of creation and destruction.

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Prodicus (c. 465 BC – c. 395 BC)

  1. Semantics and Language
    1. Meticulous approach to language
    2. Pioneering work in distinguishing between synonyms and exploring precise word meanings
  2. Naturalistic Theology
    1. Gods were originally representations of natural elements and forces
    2. They explained aspects of the natural world humans depended on for survival
    3. Deities like Demeter and Dionysus were personifications of grain and wine, respectively
  3. Ethics and Morality
    1. Human virtues arose from practical, real-world experiences and needs
  4. Atheism and Religious Skepticism
    1. Viewed gods as personifications of natural phenomena rather than divine beings
  5. Cultural Development
    1. Religion was part of a broader narrative of social institutions and moral values
    2. Early humans first worshipped physical entities crucial for survival
    3. They deified exceptional individuals who invented useful things
  6. Relativism
    1. What is good for one person may not be good for another

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Hippias (c. 460–c. 399 BCE)

  1. Nature
    1. There are unwritten natural laws that apply universally to all people.
  2. “Like is kin to like by nature” 
    1. All men are neighbors and kinsmen.
  3. Positive law
    1. Positive laws are a human construct that can be altered.
    2. They can potentially act as a “tyrant” against human nature.
  4. Unity of all mankind
    1. Advocated for the essential unity of all mankind.
    2. A progenitor of the doctrine of natural law and the social-contract theory of the state.
  5. Self-sufficiency
    1. Wore only items he had made himself.
  6. Greek Literature
    1. Focused on the meaning of words, the value of rhythm, and literary style.

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Leucippus (fl. 5th century BCE) 

  1. Atoms and Void: Both atoms (indivisible particles) and the void (empty space) are infinite.
  2. Mechanical Materialism: all phenomena could be explained through the motion and interaction of atoms.
  3. Homogeneous Atoms: all atoms are qualitatively the same, differing only in shape and size1.
  4. Eternal Motion: atoms are in constant motion, creating a deterministic world where everything is caused by atomic collisions.
  5. Cosmic Formation: cosmos began as a vortex of atoms that formed celestial bodies. 
  6. Response to Eleatic Philosophy: By accepting the existence of the void, Leucippus could explain motion and plurality2.
  7. Necessity: a law of necessity governed all things in nature.

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Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BC)

  1. Atomic Theory: tiny, indivisible eternal particles moving through empty space.
  2. Natural Laws: all events are governed by natural laws—sensory data and reason
  3. Materialism: There is no divine intervention or command.
  4. Ethics: ethical behavior stems from understanding the consequences of one’s actions.
  5. Perception: perception occurs when atoms from external objects interact with the atoms in the soul. 
  6. Knowledge: sensory experiences are subjective interpretations rather than objective realities.
  7. Cosmology: there are infinite worlds in various stages of development within an infinite universe. 

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November 28, 2024 – 6:47 AM Categories: Philosophy | Post a comment

The Misjudgment

Reference: Postulate Mechanics

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The Misjudgment

Misjudgments result in overt actions that are irrational and do not make sense. Such actions lead to embarrassment and even harm. They occur because the person does not know how to properly respond to some situation. It is perceived as a lack of responsibility.

When a misjudgment is deeply embedded, the person continues to commit overt actions that are harmful. He is perceived to have evil intentions, and others start to thwart his efforts. He, therefore, gets enmeshed into problems and upsets that pile up and generate anxieties in him. As these anxieties pile up over time they generate mental mass. This phenomenon is called GPM for Goal-Problem-Mass.

Usually the person feels pressure due to his misjudgments and overt actions. He wants to be rehabilitated, but he withholds talking about his overt action because he conceives that telling it would be another overt act. When the burden becomes too great he is driven to justify his actions by finding fault or displacing blame.

As he continues to commit overt acts he seeks to minimize his power. He separates himself from others, and even seeks to dispose of himself. Thus, he gets into this dwindling spiral that leads to a degradation of himself.

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Misconception

The various phenomena, such as, problems, upsets, overt/withholds, evil intentions, and mental mass are generally not seen as connected, but they all have their basis in misjudgments.

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More Misconceptions

You may discover more misconceptions on your own, if you contemplate on each sentence of the above definition with mindfulness. Please see:

The 12 Aspects of Mindfulness

Then, you may end up improving upon this definition too.

Good luck!

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November 21, 2024 – 1:07 PM Categories: Universe | Post a comment