Category Archives: Postulate Mechanics

Is Aether still there?

December 28, 2024 – 12:46 PM

Reference: Essays on Substance

Is Aether still there?

The concept of aether is currently a black box that has been filled with various conjectures since ancient times. Einstein’s theory of relativity rendered classical luminiferous aether unnecessary as a medium for light. However, Einstein did not get completely rid of aether. In 1920, during a lecture at the University of Leiden, Einstein discussed the idea of a relativistic aether, which was fundamentally different from the classical luminiferous aether. 

This new concept of aether in Einstein’s view was not a material substance with mechanical properties, but rather a way to describe the physical qualities of space itself. Einstein stated, “According to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities. In this sense there exists an aether. Space without an aether is unthinkable.”

Einstein was right. Space is defined in terms of dimensions, and the dimensions must belong to some substance. The theory of Substance postulates aether to be that aspect of THOUGHT that can be sensed. We all have sensed when somebody is looking at us, even when that person is out of our sight. This happens often in a crowded space, such as, an airport.

Modern cosmology has introduced concepts such as dark matter and dark energy. These are conjectures derived from inconsistencies observed in the calculations of gravitational influences at cosmic scale. Of course, these conjectures are different from earlier conjectures used to fill the black box of aether; but they are black enough to be held in a black box.

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By vinaire | Comments (0)

Is Energy Substance?

December 28, 2024 – 11:25 AM

Reference: Essays on Substance

Is Energy Substance?

The approach of science is systematic and empirical, meaning it is not matter-centric. The theory of Substance punctures the current Matter-Centric Fixation in Physics.

The theory of Substance is inspired by the equivalence of matter and energy that was established by Einstein based on the common property of momentum.

Newton defined momentum as “quantity of motion”. Newton’s concept of motion was revolutionary and formed the foundation of classical mechanics. His idea of MOTION involved the following key concepts.

  1. Inertia
  2. Force
  3. Momentum
  4. Acceleration
  5. Relativity of Motion

Newton arranged these concepts in terms of the following three laws:

1. Newton’s First Law states that an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law, also known as the law of inertia, describes the natural tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion.

2. Newton’s Second Law quantifies the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. Newton defined motion in terms of momentum, which is the product of an object’s mass and velocity. The law states that the force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum over time. This law could then be formulated in a mathematical form.

3. Newton’s Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law describes the interaction between objects and the forces they exert on each other.

Newton’s formulation of momentum was crucial in developing the concept of conservation of momentum, which can be derived from his laws of motion. This definition of momentum remains fundamental in classical mechanics and continues to be used in modern physics.

In classical mechanics “mass” is used as a constant because variation in mass with respect to time (as considered in Newton’s Second Law) are so small that they cannot be measured in the domain of matter, yet they are there. They only become significant when we compare the momentum of electromagnetic energy to the momentum of matter. It took an Einstein to recognize this. And so a new category of substance was born.

The characteristic of substance is momentum, change in which is sensed as force. This characteristic is common to both matter and energy. When humans interface with the physical universe, it is the sensation of force, which they recognize as substance. But the matter-centric fixation says, “There is no substance other than matter.”

The theory of Substance punctures this fixation by pointing out that electromagnetic energy is also a substance on the same grounds as matter. It is a substance because we can sense it.

When the mater-centric fixation, “There is no substance other than matter,” is punctured, a much clearer view emerges in the subject of physics.

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By vinaire | Comments (0)

GR, QM and Theory of Substance

December 28, 2024 – 9:47 AM

Reference: Essays on Substance

GR, QM and Theory of Substance

The key concepts of Quantum mechanics were listed here.

Concepts in Quantum Mechanics

The laws of Quantum mechanics, or the Quantum principles are as follows:

  1. Wave-Particle Duality
  2. Quantization
  3. Uncertainty Principle
  4. Superposition
  5. Quantum Entanglement.

Each of these principles were evaluated from the viewpoint of The Theory of Substance at the following links.

  1. The Particle-Wave Contradiction
  2. The Rigidity of Mass
  3. The Uncertainty Principle
  4. Quantum Superposition
  5. Quantum Entanglement

It is shown conclusively that the following definition of SUBSTANCE will help simplify the understanding of phenomena at atomic and subatomic levels considerably:

“Substance is anything that is substantial enough to be sensed. We can sense matter, energy and thought.”

We now have a theoretical framework using which we can bring QM and GR closer to each other. 

But that is going to be the work of upcoming younger scientists.

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By vinaire | Comments (0)

Quantum Superposition

December 27, 2024 – 2:42 PM

Reference: Essays on Substance

Quantum Superposition

Superposition is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics that describes the ability of quantum systems to exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured. It is mathematically represented as a linear combination of all possible states of a system. This principle is a direct consequence of the linear nature of the Schrödinger equation, which allows for linear combinations of solutions to represent valid quantum states.

The Schrödinger equation takes the approach of the dimensionless “point particle.” Therefore, it cannot handle the dimensions of a material particle. The concept of “various possible states” of a quantum system comes from trying to address the spread of a material particle from a dimensionless “point particle” approach. All possible states are actually addressing different points in the spread of the material particle.

The Schrödinger’s cat is actually quite substantial. It covers a lot more space than a mathematical point.

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The Uncertainty Principle

December 27, 2024 – 1:12 PM

Reference: Essays on Substance

The Uncertainty Principle

The following post, that I read many years ago on Quora, was very inspiring to me. This post was written by Richard Muller, Professor of Physics, U. Calif. Berkeley, co-Founder of Berkeley Earth.

An excellent explanation of uncertainty principle
Local reference (same)

The key point is that the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is an attempt to determine a point location in a dimension of space using pure mathematical relationships. Heisenberg starts out with the assumption that an electron is a point particle.

When we look closely at a particle we find that its location in space has an innate dimension equal to the wavelength of its substance. The de Broglie wavelength of matter is very, very small. This justifies assuming a center-of-mass for a material object as a “dimensionless” point. This definitely works at the macro level.

But the wave-length of matter becomes significant as we get down to the atomic and sub-atomic levels. The wave-length of nucleons may still be relatively small enough to treat them as point particles. But the wave-length of electrons is definitely not small. So, the location of an electron cannot assumed to be a dimensionless point within the smallness of the inside of an atom.

The error in Quantum mechanics has been to continue with the point particle assumption at atomic and sub-atomic levels, where it does not apply.

If this is properly understood and we can correct the mathematics being applied at quantum levels; then probably it will lead to much simpler understanding of the quantum phenomenon.

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