Vinaire's Blog

Reference: Fundamentals of Physics

Electric charge is created when amber rod is rubbed with fur. By convention, the charge on amber rod is considered positive and that on the fur is considered negative.Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. In ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms. Atoms are neutral because the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus equals the number of protons in the nucleus.Charge is measured in units of Coulomb (C). The magnitude of the charge of an electron (e) is 1.602 x 10^-19 C.

Within the atom, the charge appears to be in equilibrium. This equilibrium occurs at the nucleus-electron interface, where the consistency of substance undergoes a  sudden change between the electron region and the nucleus. For the electron region, it is a sudden increase in frequency. For the nucleus, it is a sudden decrease in frequency. If we look at the electronic region as a vortex of substance, the charge lies at its center. It we look at the nucleus as a small vortex, the charge lies at its periphery. The small vortex of the nucleus attaches itself to the center of the vortex of the electronic region, and the two then form a single vortex. It is incorrect to view the whole electron as negative and the whole nucleus as positive.

The “attractive force” between electrons and the nucleus is better understood in terms of alignment of the frequency gradient.

It is easy to visualize this vortex-hypothesis in the case of a hydrogen atom made up of an electron and a proton. We may visualize more complex atoms as vortices too if we do not conceive of the electrons and protons as discrete particles WITHIN the atom. The number of electrons, protons and neutrons are quantum numbers that are merely a property of the atom concerned. The atom is a single vortex of decreasing radius and increasing frequency and consistency.

Free electrons, protons and neutrons exist as vortices of different types.

The ions are atoms in which the equilibrium of charge at the electron-nucleus interface does not exist. The lack of equilibrium is quantized. These atomic vortices are a bit out of shape due to the lack of balance where the frequency gradient is the sharpest. This unbalanced frequency gradient extends out as a force field.

These ionic vortices combine with other ionic vortices to form molecules. They are linked together by the forces generated by their unbalanced frequency gradients. Thus, they regain equilibrium at the molecular level.

Such molecules are complex configurations made up of vortices. 

Any unbalanced charge seems to travel to the surface in a conductor. In non-conductors, it manifests as a stress inside the substance. This stress contributes to chemical reactions.

In case of an electromagnetic field field, force implies frequency gradient.  When a charged particle is placed within an electromagnetic field, an equilibrium is sought in terms of alignment of frequency gradients.

The shifts in frequency gradient is seen as the movement of the charge. 

Quantization of electrical charge means that only the multiples of a basic frequency gradient are permitted as charge. The charge of an electron represents that basic frequency gradient. 

The total amount of charge remains unchanged. If one starts with uncharged materials the initial charge present is zero. Then the total charge after it has been separated must still add to zero, requiring that there be equal amounts of positive and negative charge present.

The total amount of charge is conserved.

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Please see PM Chapter 8: The Fourth Law of Motion

Reference: Fundamentals of Physics

This law is post-Quantum Mechanics. Newton didn’t write this law, but he may just as well have written it if he were alive today. 

The Fourth Law: When a particle of matter is accelerated, its mass decreases. The decrease in mass is proportional to the increase in its speed.

We have already established in “Motion” in Quantum Mechanics that the “absolute speed” of a particle is inversely proportional to its frequency. Therefore, as the speed of the particle increases from rest due to acceleration, its frequency decreases. This means, that the mass, or consistency, of the particles also decreases proportionally. When the acceleration goes back to zero and the particle returns to rest, its mass or consistency is also restored. The change in mass is so small in the inertial frames, that it is ignored.

The property that is fundamentally conserved is force. The force is conserved in the form of angular momentum as can be seen from the units of the Planck’s constant. The figure above provides a rough analysis that shows the proportionality of decrease in mass to increase in speed. The constant of proportionality, when fully worked out, shall include the Planck’s constant, and it would be extremely small.

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Mass and Inertia

Let me also take this opportunity to define inertia in terms of mass.

Inertia is the measure of consistency of substance per quantum. In case of matter, inertia is mass per unit particle.

Therefore, Inertia may be compared on The Spectrum of Substance in terms of “consistency per quantum”, or “mass per particle”. Total Inertia shall be equivalent to total mass of an object. We may say that 

Upon acceleration, inertia converts to speed.

This satisfies Faraday’s postulate of conservation of force.

Once we have a practical and simpler way of converting inertia into speed, and speed back into inertia, we shall have the INERTIAL DRIVE that has long been imagined in science fiction.

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Reference: Fundamentals of Physics

In Classical Mechanics, we are looking at the motion of objects that have a precise center of mass (CM). Therefore, their position can be represented by a dimensionless point in space. Their speed can be measured by the relative motion of this dimensionless point. We are familiar with this as Galilean relativity.

But in Quantum Mechanics, we are looking at the motion of particles with no CM. An electron or photon cannot be pinpointed with accuracy because it has no CM. They cannot be treated as dimensionless points. The concept of motion is very different for such particles; and it cannot be visualized like the motion of material particles.

Electron and photons are built of cycles of motion. Their size and speed as a particle is determined by the frequency of their cycles.

The idea of mass comes from particles that make up the nucleus of an atom, such as, neutrons and protons. These particles are extremely small and made up of an extremely high frequency of cycles. They represent “mass.” The largest stable nucleus of an atom consists of 83 protons and 126 neutrons. But the size of this nucleus is still so small that it can be approximated as a point.

Mass may be looked upon as extremely high frequency of cycles packed in an extremely small size. 

We may say that an atom has its nucleus as its CM. When the atoms are arranged in a fixed configuration in a solid object, then that object has a CM. Even liquid and gaseous objects made of atoms will have a CM that can be determined statistically. This is classical mechanics. But in Quantum mechanics the situation is quite different.

An electron is 1836 times loosely packed with “mass” as a proton. We may visualize that proton to be embedded at the center of the electron in a hydrogen atom. This makes an electron to be roughly of the size of the hydrogen atom. We may not be able to measure sizes accurately at atomic level; but we can say with certainty that the size of an electron is much bigger than the size of a proton. 

The size of an electron is roughly thousands of time bigger than the size of a proton.

The relative sizes of quantum particles may be estimated by the ratios of their wavelengths. Since the speed of light is a universal constant, this ratio will be inverse of the ratio of their frequencies. Therefore, the smaller is the frequency the larger would be the size of a quantum particle. Using the data from The Spectrum of Substance, we may say that

An electron is 2000 times bigger than a proton.

A photon of visible light is more than 200,000 times bigger than an electron.

A proton appears as a point in classical space. The electron may appear as a point in a classical space expanded 2000 times. Similarly, the photon may appear as a point in classical space expanded 400,000,000 times.

A particle’s speed is zero relative to itself in its own space. Therefore, an electron’s speed will be zero relative to itself in “electron space”. Similarly, the speed of a photon will be zero relative to itself in “photon space”.

All this adds up to “absolute speeds” of particles being in a ratio that is inverse of the ratio of their frequencies. The higher is the frequency the lower will be the absolute speed. This appears to be valid when we calculate the ratio of the frequency of the proton to the frequency of the photon.

The desired ratio =  2^77.6 / 2⁴⁹  =  2^28.6  =  4 x 10⁸

This is of the same order as the speed of light in the inertial frame of matter. This value is higher because the frequency of neutron is slightly higher than the average frequency of matter.

We may say that the “absolute speed” of a particle is inversely proportional to its frequency.

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Definitions

MOTION
Motion is self-actuated and inherently free aliveness as observed in the motion of light and the electrons. It is infinite when it is free. Motion becomes bounded and finite when it is cyclic. With the increase of cycles, the motion becomes increasingly centered. It then takes force to move it away from that centeredness. That resistance of motion to being changed is called inertia. Pure motion is an absence of cycles and inertia.

PARTICLE
A particle is a unit of substance whose size is proportional to its wavelength. Electron as a particle is 2000 times bigger than a proton. Photon as a particle is more than 200,000 times bigger than an electron. The boundary of a particle is determined by the cycles of motion of which it is constructed. A particle has the property of centeredness, which is proportional to its frequency. This centeredness is manifested as inertia when attempt is made to change its inherent motion.

SPEED
The concept of speed applies to a particle. The measure of absolute speed of a particle is inverse of its centeredness. Since the “particle” of gravity is least centered, its speed is infinite. This means that the particle of gravity is manifested instantly at any location in the universe. Thus, speed has the sense of the rapidity with which a particle is manifested at a location in the universe after being manifested at another location.  

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